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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Rounding out the federal involvement of oral speakers was Hollett (2013), the Director of the Geo- thermal Technologies Office. He openly contributed to the discussion and answered related questions on the DOE program throughout the 2 days. Hollett gave the reception presentation, which was taped for a You- Tube video, clearly informing the attendees on various short- and long-term goals and project activities related to all aspects of geothermal from identifying new geothermal plays to an ‘‘underground field observa- tory’’ for EGS R&D. Coproduction development, blind hydrothermal systems, and EGS are all in the DOEÕs plan through 2030. The ability to add additional value with the inclusion of geothermal energy for projects using waste heat or storage technologies was a connector between the industries. Coming from the oil and gas industry, Hollett showed how current use of the word ‘‘Play’’ in the oil and gas industry is now being expanded to include geothermal energy as new drilling and hydroshearing techniques are changing the reser- voir evolution. Poster Presentations. A total of nine poster presen- tations were available for review during the first day of the 2-day session. As with the oral presentations the posters covered the range from the potential for geothermal production in various areas of the country to equipment discussion. It was during the time of the poster session and the reception that the Helidyne planetary expander was available for first public viewing. Areas in the northeast part of the U.S. were discussed with potential for geothermal develop- ment and usage. Hootsmans (2013) of Colby College presented information on the geothermal potential of Maine. A couple of states to the south and west, Aguirre et al. (2013) displayed information on BHT data from over 8,000 new wells drilled for uncon- ventional natural gas in Pennsylvania and New York. Temperatures reaching 300°F (149°C) at 18,000 ft (5,486 m) can be utilized for district heat- ing in an economical manner. Another poster by Gatlin (2013) of West Chester University in Penn- sylvania discussed the performance of a 350-well district geoexchange system at WCU. Moving westward, Will Gosnold (Gosnold and Barse 2013) also presented a poster on the status of the North Dakota oil field geothermal projects. Two posters were shown involving Colorado. The Lower Cretaceous formations in the Denver Basin were evaluated by Crowell (2013) for recoverable thermal energy. Using a volumetric approach for assessing recoverable energy, Crowell indicated that these formations, including the ‘‘D’’ and ‘‘J’’ oil-producing sandstones, have high capacity for heat production with target temperature being around 280°F (138°C). Morgan (2013) of the Colorado Geological Survey also presented on Colorado geothermal gradients and opportunities within the Piceance Basin using BHT data from over 10,000 hydrocar- bon wells. Morgan speculated on how geothermal energy could be used to preheat in-place oil shale prior to hydrocarbon extraction. South of Colorado in Oklahoma, Randy Keller (2013) of the Oklahoma Geological Survey presented studies of thermal re- gimes and geothermal potential within Oklahoma. Discussion of the Meers fault, near the Wichita Mountains, brought to light the fact that even in the mid-continent, earthquakes naturally occur. Falling into the more conventional arena for geothermal energy was a presentation of an EGS project at Desert Peak, Nevada. The poster offered a new, plausible explanation for the location of ob- served deep micro-earthquakes and for the potential mechanisms that controlled permeability changes during the main stimulation operations. The study defined key geological structures involved in the experiment and original permeability in the rock volume around the well. The continuum mechanics model (FLAC3D) used in the study showed that fluid pressure diffusion generated during the low-flow rate injection phase is consistent with the activation of hydraulically induced shear failure along the identified structures. The project was discussed by PhD Candidate, Benato (2013) of the Desert Re- search Institute (University of Nevada, Reno). This project is part of the U.S. DOE funding for EGS and the Itasca Education Partnership program. DOE Coproduction Technology Manager, Reinhardt (2013), presented a poster on low-tem- perature and coproduced resources below 300°F (149°C) and the various projects completed, ongo- ing, and being proposed for future activities. Pro- posed activities included an innovative rotating heat exchanger prototype and potential funding oppor- tunities for fiscal year 2014. Of interest to many was the new technique to extract strategic minerals from the geothermal brines. Lithium extraction is possible for incorporation into projects, where applicable. For the low-temperature community, significant re- search is being completed by the Pacific Northwest National Lab to develop microporous metal–organic solids for heat carrier and transfer mediums, ex- pected to increase power generation by 15%.PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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