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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Table 4. Summary of AlbertaÕs Energy Reserves, Resources, and Production at the End of 2011 (from ERCB 2012) Crude Bitumen Billion Billion Natural Gasa Trillion Crude Oil Raw Coal Billion Billion tonnes tons 94 103 35 38 1.49 1.64 33 37 0.030d 0.033d 620 683 Initial in-place resources Initial established reserves Cumulative production Remaining established reserves Annual production Ultimate potential (recoverable) Million m3 Barrels 293,125 1,844 28,092 177 1,294 8.1 26,798 169 101 0.637 50,000 315 Million m3 Barrels 11,357 71.5 2,863 18.0 2,617 16.5 246 1.5 28.4 0.179 3,130 19.7 Billion m3 9,504 5,384 4,377 1,007b 111 6,276c cubic feet 337 191 155 35.7b 3.9 223c aExpressed as ‘‘as is’’ gas, except for annual production, which is at 37.4 megajoules per m3; includes coalbed methane natural gas. bMeasured at field gate (or 34.7 trillion cubic feet downstream of straddle plant). cDoes not include unconventional natural gas. dAnnual production is marketable. Figure 18. Total primary energy production in Alberta (ERCB 2012). NGL natural gas liquids. Crude bitumen is heavy and extra-heavy oil that at reservoir conditions has a very high viscosity such that it will not naturally flow to a well bore. Administra- tively, in Alberta, the geologic formations (whether clastic or carbonate) and the geographic areas con- taining the bitumen are designated as the Athabasca, Cold Lake or Peace River oil sands areas (Fig. 19). Most of the in-place bitumen is hosted within unlith- ified sands of the Lower Cretaceous Wabiskaw– McMurray deposit in the in situ development area (Table 5), followed by the Grosmont carbonate bitu- men deposit, and the Wabiskaw–McMurray deposit in the surface mineable area (Table 5). Reassessments for the Athabasca-Grosmont carbonate bitumen (done in 2009) and the Athabasca- Grand Rapids oil sands and Athabasca-Nisku car- bonate bitumen deposits (done in 2011) are included in the initial in-place volumes of crude bitumen (Table 5). The Nisku reassessment resulted in a 57% increase in initial bitumen volume in place. The Nisku Formation, like the Athabasca-Grosmont carbonate bitumen deposit, is a shelf carbonate that has under- gone significant leaching and karstification, with the creation of an extensive vug and cavern network. Conventional oil migrated and infilled the paleocave deposits and then degraded in place to form the bitumen. Other prospective carbonate bitumen res- ervoirs are being explored west of the town site of Fort McMurray, with initial industry estimates indicating that bitumen pay zones may exceed 100 m (328 ft) inPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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