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American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals Division Table 10. Estimated Resource Size (in Million Barrels, MMB) and Richness of the Principal Heavy Oil-Bitumen Deposits in Utah Bitumen-Heavy Oil Deposit P. R. Spring–Hill Creek Sunnyside Sunnyside ‘‘core’’ Asphalt Ridge Whiterocks Tar Sand Triangle TST ‘‘core’’ Resource Estimate MMB 7,790 3,500–4,000 1,160 1,360 98 4,250–5,150 1,300–2,460 Areal Extent Square Miles 470 122 2.7 16 0.45 198 30–52 Richness, Average MB/Acre 25.9 45–51 638.3 132.9 338 33.3–40.6 67.7–73.9 °API Gravity 5.9 to 13.8 7.1 to 10.1 10.0 to 14.4 11.4 to 13.5 3.6 to 9.6 Reservoir Unit Lower Green River ss Lower Green River ss Lower Green River ss Mesaverde ss (U Cret.) Navajo Ss (Tr.-Jr.) White Rim Ss. (L Perm) White Rim Ss. (L. Perm) 1 Barrel (oil) = 0.159 m3; 1 mi2 = 2.59 km2; 1 acre = 0.4 ha; 1; MB million barrels. Data from Schamel (2013a, b). Green River Formation. These naphthenic oils have API gravities in the 5.5–17.3° range, are only weakly biodegraded in the subsurface, and are sulfur-poor (0.19–0.76 wt%). The known oil sand reservoirs are lithified and oil-wet. New resource-in-place estimates for the major deposits are determined from the average volume of bitumen/heavy oil measured in cores distributed across the deposit, as delineated by wells and surface expo- sures (Table 10). The deposits on the south flank of the basin are extensive and large, but the actual concen- trations (richness) of resource are small. For the vast P. R. Spring–Hill Creek deposit, the average richness is just 25.9 thousand BBLs (4.1 thousand m3) per acre; it is only slightly higher for the entire Sunnyside accu- mulation west of the Green River. However, a small portion of the Sunnyside deposit having unusually thick reservoir sands within an anticlinal trap has a measured average richness of 638.3 thousand BBLs (101.2 thousand m3) per acre. The two principal deposits on the north flank of the basin, Asphalt Ridge and Whiterocks, are relatively small, but they contain high concentrations of heavy oil (Table 10). In the southeast quadrant of Utah, there are numerous shallow bitumen accumulations on the northwest and west margins of the Pennsylvanian– Permian Paradox Basin. The deposits are hosted in rocks of late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic age. With the exception of the Tar Sand Triangle and Circle Cliffs deposits, most accumulations are small and/or very lean. Normally, the oils are heavier than 10° API and highly biodegraded. In contrast to the Uinta Basin deposits, this bitumen is derived from a marine source rock and is aromatic with high sulfur content (1.6–6.3 wt%), but low nitrogen (0.3– 0.9 wt%). Bitumen in the Tar Sand Triangle deposit, lo- cated south of the junction of the Green River with the Colorado River, is reservoired in a several-hun- dred-foot-thick eolian sandstone of Lower Permian age. Across an area of 84 square miles (217 km2), the thickness of bitumen-impregnated sandstone exceeds 100 ft (30 m). The API gravity of the bitumen is less than 8° at the surface and just over 10° in the subsur- face. Schamel (2013b) estimated that the total in- place bitumen resource is between 4.25 and 5.15 bil- lion BBLs (0.67 and 0.82 billion m3) in a deposit just less than 200 square miles (518 km2) in size. However, at a resource threshold equal to or greater than 60 thousand BBLs (9.5 thousand m3) per acre, the re- source ranges between 1.30 and 2.46 billion BBLs (0.21–0.39 billion m3) in an area of 30–52 square miles (78–135 km2), respectively. Approximately half of the deposit is in the Glen Canyon National Rec- reation Area, where exploitation could be severely limited. The Circle Cliffs deposit, with an estimated 1.73 billion BBLs (0.27 billion m3), lies completely in the Capitol Reef National Park and Grand Staircase- Escalante National Monument, areas off limits to development. The Uinta Basin heavy oils and bitumens are highly viscous; the Tar Sand Triangle bitumen is only slightly less viscous. Both groups of oils have viscosity that is orders of magnitude greater than that of the 13°API heavy oil produced by steam flood in the southern San Joaquin Basin, California. So far, the Utah ‘‘tar sands’’ have resisted attempts at commercial development. However, two pilot projects announced to start in 2014 will produce liquids from surface-mined oil sand using a closed- loop solvent extraction process. One of the pilots is in the P. R. Spring deposit and the other is at the south end of Asphalt Ridge. On March 22, 2013, BLM Principal Deputy Director Neil Kornze signed the Record of Decision (ROD) for the Oil Shale and Tar Sands Program- matic EIS, finalizing the Proposed Land Use Plan Amendments for Allocation of Oil Shale and TarPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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