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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review Sands Resources on Lands Administered by the BLM in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming and Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (OSTS PEIS) that was released in November 2012. The ROD opens 130,000 Federal acres (52,609 ha) of designated tar sands in Utah for leasing and development. Federal lands in adjacent Wyoming and Colorado, also covered by this ROD for oil shale leasing, hold no oil (tar) sand deposits. Further information is available at: http://ostseis.anl.gov/ documents/. The Southwest Texas Heavy Oil Province (Ewing 2009) is located on the northeastern margin of the Maverick Basin, northeast of Eagle Pass. Bitumen is hosted in early to middle Campanian carbonate grainstone shoals (Anacacho Formation) and in late Campanian–Maastrichtian sandstone (San Miguel, Olmos, and Escondido Formations). The largest accumulation is in the San Miguel ‘‘D’’ Sandstone with a reported 3.2 billion BBLs (0.51 billion m3) in an area of 256 square miles (663 km2) (Kuuskraa et al. 1987). The bitumen is highly viscous and sulfur-rich (10%) with an API gravity of 2°API to 10°API. The average resource grade of the deposit is less than 20 thousand BBLs (3.2 thousand m3) per acre. Only a very small part of the deposit has a grade in excess of 40 thousand BBLs (6.4 thousand m3) per acre. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Exxon and Conoco produced 417,673 BBLs (66,405 m2) of bitumen from pilot plants at this deposit, but since then there has been no successful exploitation of the deposit. The shal- low Anacacho deposit contains an estimated 550 million BBLs (87.4 million m3) resource in an area of 36.6 square miles (94.8 km2). The average re- source grade is 23.5 thousand BBLs (3.7 thou- sand m3) per acre. The deposit has been mined since 1888 for asphaltic road paving. In northwest Alabama, the bitumen-impreg- nated Hartselle Sandstone (Mississippian) occurs sporadically along a 70-mile (113 km)-long belt extending east-southeast across the Cumberland Plateau from near the Alabama–Mississippi border to the front of the Appalachian thrust belt. To the south of this outcrop belt, bitumen is observed in wells penetrating the Hartselle Sandstone. The Alabama Geological Survey (Wilson 1987) specu- lated that there could be 7.5 billion BBLs (1.2 bil- lion m2) of bitumen in an area of 2,800 square miles (7,252 km2), of which 350 million BBLs (55.6 mil- lion m3) is at depths shallower than 50 ft (15 m). Despite the large potential resource, the deposit is lean, with an average bitumen-impregnated interval of 14 ft (4.3) and an average richness of only 4.3 thousand BBLs (0.68 thousand m3) per acre. The heavy oil deposits of western Kentucky form an arcuate belt along the southeast margin of the Illinois Basin. The heavy oil is hosted in fluvial sandstones, some filling paleovalleys, of Late Mis- sissippian-Early Pennsylvanian age (May 2013). The area is crossed by the east–west trending Rough Creek and Pennyrile fault systems that aid in trap- ping the heavy oil pools and may have been the conduits for eastward oil migration from hydrocar- bon kitchens at the juncture of Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky. The largest deposit (2.1 billion BBLs; or 3.3 billion m3) extends in a zone 5–10 miles (8– 16 km) wide and 50 miles (80 km) long situated north of Bowling Green. This deposit, hosted in the Clifty Sandstone, generally is lean with thickness of the oil-impregnated sands from a few to just over 50 ft (Noger 1999). The API gravity of the heavy oil is 10°. Other deposits are considerably smaller and have API gravities of 10° to 17°. KentuckyÕs oil sand total oil-in-place is estimated to be 3.42 billion BBLS (0.54 billion m3) (Noger 1999). At present, there is no commercial exploitation of the deposits for liquid hydrocarbons, although at least one operator has announced plans to do so. Oil sand accumulations in east-central New Mexico have total in-place measured and speculative resources of 130 million BBLs (20.6 million m3) and 190–220 million BBLs (30.2–35 million m3), respec- tively (IOCC 1983; Schenk et al. 2006). The oil accu- mulations are within Triassic Santa Rosa Sandstone at depths of less than 2,000 ft (3,219 m) (Broadhead, 1984). Speculative in-place oil sand resources total 800 million BBLs (127.2 million m3) for Oklahoma (IOCC 1983; Schenk et al. 2006). Oil sands are located mostly within Ordovician Oil Creek Formation sandstones and Viola Group limestones, with lesser accumulations in Mississippian through Permian sandstones (IOCC 1983). A bibliography of Okla- homa asphalt references through 2006 (B. J. Cardott, compiler) can be downloaded from http://www.ogs. ou.edu/fossilfuels/pdf/bibOkAsphalt7_10.pdf. In-place resources for two oil sand accumulations in Wyoming total 120 million BBLs (19 million m3) measured and 70 million BBLs (11.1 million m3) speculative (IOCC 1983; Schenk et al. 2006). The larger accumulation is within Pennsylvanian–Permian sandstones of the Min- nelusa Formation in northeastern Wyoming, and the smaller is within Cretaceous sandstones in the Wind River Basin, central Wyoming (IOCC 1983).PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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