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OIL SHALE DEVELOPMENTS Jeremy Boak13 Global production of shale oil is currently 30,000 BBLs (3,180 m3) of oil per day, all from mining and retorting operations in Australia, Brazil, China, and Estonia, with an increase to 35,000 BBLs (5,564 m3) of oil per day anticipated over the next 6 months. If all currently planned surface retorting projects achieved their stated goals, oil shale pro- duction could reach 400,000 BBLs (64,000 m3) of oil per day by 2030 (Boak 2013a, b). Data contained in this review are primarily from publically available government and industry websites. The World Energy Council (2010) estimated world resources of shale oil to be 4.79 trillion barrels (761 billion m3), with 3.7 trillion barrels (589 bil- lion m3) located in U.S.A. The latest USGS assess- ment for the Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming is 4.29 trillion barrels (682 bil- lion m3), a significant increase over previous esti- mates (Mercier et al. 2010, 2011). A recent fact sheet (Birdwell et al. 2013) presented data for the resource indicating the amount available at a given oil yield. The oil recoverable from rocks considered at least marginally recoverable (> 63 L/tonne = 15 gallons/ ton) is around 1839109 m3 (1.191012 barrels), and the richest, most readily recoverable resource (>104 L/tonne = 25 gallons/ton) is about 569109 m3 (3539109 barrels). These figures indicate the sub- stantial variability in richness in many oil shale deposits. Similar comparative figures are not avail- able for any other oil shale deposit. Yuval Bartov of Israel Energy Initiatives Lim- ited suggested Israeli resources are as high as 250 billion BBLs of oil (39.7 billion m3), and Jordan Energy Minerals Limited reported an estimated resource of 102 BBLs of oil (16.2 billion m3) for Jordan. Overall, global totals are likely to exceed 5 trillion barrels (800 billion m3). Critical environmental issues for oil shale development are how to extract, produce, and upgrade shale oil in an environmentally friendly and economically sound way such that: 1. Use of energy to pyrolyze kerogen is mini- mized. 13Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, CO 80401, USA; Chair, EMD Oil Shale Committee. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or compensated for by CO2 capture and sequestration. 3. Water use is minimized and does not deplete water resources in arid regions. 4. Extraction, production, and upgrading of shale oil do not unduly affect the quality of air, native biological communities, or surface and ground water. U.S. Activity The U.S. BLM awarded Research, Develop- ment, and Deployment (RD&D) leases to Exxon- Mobil Corporation and Natural Soda, Inc. The leases offer 160-acre (64.7 ha) RD&D areas, with lease preference areas, which becomes available at fair market price after a company has shown com- mercial feasibility for its technology, of 480 acres (194.2 ha), a total of 640 acres (259 ha). Former U.S. Department of Interior Secretary Ken Salazar finalized plans for oil shale and tar sand development on BLM lands. The ROD and plan amendments make nearly 700,000 acres (283,280 ha) in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming available for potential leasing, but only through RD&D leases. In addition, the new plans remove more than 90% of the richest resource in Colorado from potential leasing without a clear rationale. Large portions of the land offered are highly likely to be uneconomic for shale oil production. BLM has also issued new rules for commercial oil shale that impose duplica- tive restrictions and leave little clarity for companies on the actual royalty structure. Red Leaf Resources, Inc. of Cottonwood Heights, Utah, anticipates moving forward with a production test within 12 months, and plans to expand that to a 9,500 BBLs oil per day (1,510 m3) production facility that will start construction after completion of the production test, and then to 30,000 BBLs oil per day (4,770 m3), using In-Capsule Extraction, a method they developed. It involves mining of oil shale, encapsulation in a surface cell akin to a landfill, heating and extraction of the products, and sealing of the exhausted retort. Red Leaf cur- rently estimates an energy return on investment of 11.5:1, based on a recent trial (described in more detail at Red LeafÕs website: http://www.redleafinc. com/, accessed June 22, 2011). This would be a globally significant development for oil shale. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals DivisionPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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