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Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review American Shale Oil LLC (AMSO), a partner- ship of Genie Oil and Total, S.A., is conducting a pilot test of their in situ process (Conduction, Con- vection & Reflux–CCRTM) in 2011. The test will be conducted in the illitic oil shale of the Garden Gulch Member of the Green River Formation in Colorado. Microseismic and other methods will be used to image growth of the retort zone. Experimental re- sults suggest that the process yields 35–40 API gravity oil with a net energy return of 4:1. Shell Oil Company is preparing a multi-mineral test on one of its RD&D leases in Colorado. The test will produce nahcolite by solution mining and then shale oil by its In Situ ConversionTM technology. ExxonMobil Corporation continues work at its Colony site in Colorado to investigate the Electro- Frac technology, which also involves electric heat- ing, but through large plate electrodes created by hydrofracturing from horizontal wells and injecting an electrically conductive proppant. They have demonstrated that the process can create an effec- tive connected heating element. In the U.S., concern exists especially about greenhouse gas emissions and water consumption of the oil shale industry. The primary source of CO2 emissions for in situ production comes from power plants, and power plant water consumption is the largest use for a Shell-type in situ operation (Boak 2008, 2013a, b; Boak and Mattson 2010). Minimizing energy use is essential. ExxonMobil suggested air- cooled power plants to reduce water use, but these may increase CO2 emissions (Thomas et al. 2010). AMSO has emphasized the potential for sequestra- tion of CO2 in exhausted in situ retorts (Burnham and Collins 2009). Current industry estimates of 1–3 BBLs (0.16–0.48 m3) of water use for one barrel of oil result in a one million BBL (159,000 m3) per day industry using 1% of ColoradoÕs annual water consumption. Socioeconomic impacts are also issues of concern. Understanding and mitigating the environmen- tal effects of oil shale production across entire re- gions is clearly not the responsibility of individual leaseholders, but rather of the majority steward of the land, the Federal government. In the past, the U.S. DOE managed an Oil Shale Task Force charged with defining and integrating baseline characterization and monitoring needs for environ- mental impacts within the western U.S. basins con- taining the Green River Formation. The Task Force included representatives of government and indus- try, including environmental firms retained by major potential producers. This need is not being ad- dressed by the Federal government at this time. International Activity The Queensland government has lifted a 20-year moratorium on oil shale mining imposed in 2008 by the former Labor government. Queensland Energy Resources (QER) has operated a technology dem- onstration plant in Gladstone, and is considering the Stuart site of the Yarwum resource to be an important source of oil for the future. China produces shale oil from the Fushun, Huadian, Huangxian, Junggar, Maoming, and Luozigou Basins, and from the Da- lianhu and Haishiwan areas. Operating oil shale retorting plants are located in Beipiao, Chaoyang, Dongning, Fushun, Huadian, Jimsar, Longkou, Lu- ozigou, Wangqing, and Yaojie. Evaluation is contin- uing in four other basins and a number of other areas. New retorts are being built rapidly in China. In Estonia, Viru Keemia Grupp has opened the first new oil shale mine at Ojamaa, with reserves estimated at 58 million tons, and an expected 15– 17 year lifetime. Eesti Energia is in the process of bringing its Enefit 280 retort on line. New technol- ogy has enabled Eesti Energia to increase electricity production by 30% over the last decade while decreasing sulfur emission by 66%. In Brazil, Petrobras continues mining and retorting operation in the Irati oil shale. However, startup Irati Energy Limited plans to launch a fea- sibility study of an 8,000 BBL (1,272 m3) per day shale oil plant, and expand its South Block oil shale resource through drilling. Irati, based in Southern Brazil, controls >3,100 km2 (1,197 mi2), with over 2 billion BBLs (0.3 billion m3) of potential oil shale resources. In Australia, QER continues to operate its demonstration plant near Gladstone, selling the 40 BBLs (6.3 m3) per day of product into the com- mercial market. Now that the moratorium on oil shale development has been lifted, QER is moving ahead toward the next stage. Jordan has attracted international interest in its oil shale resources. It signed agreements to explore oil shale development in 2009 (JOSCo [Shell] and Aqaba Petroleum for Oil Shale), in 2010 (Eesti En- ergia), in 2011, (Karak International Oil), in 2012 (Global Oil Shale Holdings and Whitehorn Resources), and in 2013 (Saudi Arabian Oil Co). In addition, the Attarat Power Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Enefit Jordan BV, announced itPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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