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has received six bids for JordanÕs first oil shale-fired power plant from engineering and construction companies. JOSCo continues to investigate ICP technical and commercial feasibility in the Jordanian oil shale. Over 270 assessment wells have been dril- led to date providing thousands of resource samples for lab characterization. Key risks are being reviewed and field pilots options are being considered. In Morocco, San Leon Energy has said that results from samples from two reservoir zones confirmed that a commercial operation is possible. San Leon com- missioned Enefit Outotec Technology to conduct an initial study of the Tarfaya Oil Shale, based on surface retorting utilizing the Enefit 280 process. Genie Oil Shale Mongolia, LLC, and the Petroleum Authority of Mongolia have entered into an exclusive 5-year development agreement to explore and evaluate commercial potential of oil shale resources on 34,470 km2 (13,309 mi2) in Central Mongolia, the first such oil shale agreement in Mongolia. Internationally, there is a lack of consistently structured resource assessments. The energy security of the world would benefit from enabling developing countries that do not have the large resource data- base available in the U.S. to assess their oil shale resources. Developing criteria and methods for such assessments would be a contribution to global development of this resource, and would potentially create good will between the U.S., the European Union, and the developing countries. Critical to such assessments will be careful estimation of the uncer- tainty regarding resource estimates where data are sparse. Information Resources The Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo- rado, hosts the Oil Shale Symposium, the premier international meeting on oil shale in October. The 33rd Oil Shale Symposium is scheduled for October 14–16, 2013 in Golden, with a field trip to Colorado and Utah. Proceedings abstracts, presentations, and papers of the Oil Shale Symposia are available at: http://www.costar-mines.org/oil_shale_symposia.html, accessed July 2, 2013. Research in oil shale processes and impacts can be found in the journal Oil Shale, published in Estonia (http://www.kirj.ee/oilshale ac- cessed July 2, 2013). Another good reference on oil shale is a recently published book entitled Oil Shale– Petroleum Alternative (Qian and Yin 2010). U, Th, AND ASSOCIATED REEs OF INDUSTRIAL INTEREST Michael D. Campbell14 Introduction Immediately after the Fukushima tsunami disaster in 2011, nuclear power seemed doomed, again. Japan shut down all 54 of its reactors. Ger- many, Switzerland, and other countries announced grand plans to phase out nuclear completely and the price of U plummeted by more than 40%. But today, a shift back toward nuclear energy is underway. New reactors are in planning and more are beginning construction in the U.S. and around the world. Ma- jor export economies in Europe and Asia have en- ergy-intensive industries that cannot eliminate nuclear power plants on a whim. Research shows that nuclear power is gaining popularity in both governments and the general public around the world. Although the U spot price has been lan- guishing in the low $40 range for some time, it is apparent to many that U is on the critical tipping point toward higher prices. Ernest Moniz of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is President ObamaÕs choice for Energy Secretary. Dr. Moniz stated in Foreign Af- fairs, that ‘‘...the government and industry need to advance new designs that lower the financial risk of constructing nuclear power plants...’’ Moniz (2011). He supports development of small, modular reactors for economy of manufacturing. He also described the growth in domestic shale gas production over the past few years as paradigm-shifting from coal to natural gas and nuclear power (Wald 2013). It is apparent that coal and associated carbon- rich natural resources can be converted to form high-grade carbon through heat and pressure, pro- ducing material similar to the naturally occurring anthracite coal and graphite (Conca 2013e). Both of these are composed of (at the submicroscopic level) stacked sheets of ‘‘graphene,’’ so named for the one- atom thick, honeycomb carbon lattices present. It appears at the atomic-scale like chicken wire made of carbon atoms and their covalent bonds (Fig. 22). Graphene is the strongest material in nature (ScienceDaily 2013) and is an important material for the construction of both historical and modern nu- 14I2M Associates, LLC, Houston, TX 77019, USA; Chair, EMD Uranium (and Nuclear and Rare Earth Minerals) Committee. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals DivisionPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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