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Innuit government sources in Nunavut were indicated in www.wise-uranium.org to be changing earlier mining policy to encourage mining by reducing the current 12% royalties on all minerals, including Au and U. British Columbia has banned U and Th explo- ration, for now. OntarioÕs Ministry of Northern Development has modernized their Mining Act (April, 2013), allowing no staking on private lands and requiring private companies to consult with aboriginal groups. Saskatchewan will cut royalty rates, as of March 22, 2013. No details or rates were mentioned by WISE via www.wise-uranium.org. AREVA Resources Can- ada was reported to have won a royalty-calculating methodology law suit against the provisional govern- ment, which must repay AREVA millions of dollars in overage charges. Australian Uranium Activities Australia has the worldÕs largest Reasonably Assured Resources of U and currently is the worldÕs third largest producer of U after Kazakhstan and Canada. There are three operating U mines, at Olympic Dam and Beverley in South Australia and Ranger in the Northern Territory, plus three addi- tional operations are scheduled to begin production in the near future. AustraliaÕs U production is fore- cast to more than double by 2030. Australia is a dominant supplier to the world and has been so for the past 30 years (WNA 2012a, b). The country has a vigorous research program underway at the fed- eral, state, and university levels. A more detailed summary of activities in Australia is provided in Campbell (2013b). The Queensland Government has recently lif- ted the 10-year ban on U mining and as a result U exploration has resumed in earnest. Western Aus- tralia will also initiate U mining in the near future after many years of opposition. Overseas Activities of Particular Note Greenland Minerals and Energy will evaluate potential for an ‘‘offsite refinery’’ for its Kvanefjeld U/REEs project projected to offer a potential pro- duction rate of three million tons per year. The firm claims inferred U reserves of 512 million pounds (232 million kg) U3O8. The reserves of REEs and other metals have not been announced but are considered to be substantial. Environmental Issues Uranium and other nuclear minerals are critical energy resources that are necessary for generating electricity, and the nuclear industry has an out- standing safety record when all the information is considered. The Three-Mile Island incident and the Japanese earthquake that caused severe damage to the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant have served to make the nuclear industry even stronger than be- fore. No lives were lost at either power plant. The Chernobyl disaster does not count against the U.S. nuclear industryÕs safety record because the Soviet UnionÕs nuclear industry made seriously flawed de- sign decisions that led to the meltdown and explo- sion at the facility; and Chernobyl was a dual-use weapons reactor, designed to produce Pu for weap- ons as well as energy, so the Chernobyl disaster does not fit in the same discussion with power-reactor accidents. According to the IAEA (2005), the Chernobyl catastrophe resulted in the deaths of a number of managers and firemen, and approximately 4,000 children and adolescents contracted thyroid cancer some years later but almost all of these recovered with a treatment success rate of about 99%. Few realize that these design decisions had been severely criticized by the West as the reactors were being built many years ago. They ignored the WestÕs comments because of the competitive pressures of the ‘‘Cold War.’’ Community Cooperation. Campbell (2013a) has developed a program of commenting on selected media articles, which focus on inhibition of nuclear power expansion, to provide alternative opinions regarding nuclear power and U exploration and recovery. Effects of Radiation. The World Health Organiza- tion (WHO 2013) reports that ‘‘Clear cases of health damage from radiation generally occur only follow- ing exposure of greater than 1,000 mSv’’—which is far more radiation than the reported Fukushima doses of 10–50 mSv. Radiation is also discussed in Campbell et al. (2013), which focuses on both off- world and on-Earth exposure issues. Campbell et al. (2013) indicated that: ‘‘A fairly strong relationship American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals DivisionPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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