PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 057
Unconventional Energy Resources: 2013 Review exists between dose and cancer occurrence at high doses, but the relationship disappears below 10 rem. These observations, taken together with the fact that there has not been a single death in more than 20 years in the civilian nuclear industry in the U.S., suggest that the risk associated with chronic low doses of radiation less than 10 rem/year (0.1 Sv/year) appears to be small with respect to any other risk associated with normal living and working activities...’’ Further, Conca (2013b) indicated that radiation doses less than about 10 rem (0.1 Sv) are not sig- nificant. The linear no-threshold dose hypothesis does not apply to doses less than 10 rem (0.1 Sv), which is the range encompassing background levels around the world, and is the region of most impor- tance to nuclear energy, most medical procedures, and most areas affected by accidents like Fukushi- ma. The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (United Nations 2012) reports that among other things, uncertainties at low doses are such that UNSCEAR ‘‘does not recommend multiplying low doses by large numbers of individuals to estimate numbers of radiation-induced health effects within a population exposed to incremental doses at levels equivalent to or below natural background levels.’’ (United Nations 2012; WNN 2013b). Nuclear Wastes in the U.S.. There are four general categories of nuclear waste in the U.S. (see Fig. 28): commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF), high-level waste (HLW) from making weapons, transuranic waste (TRU) also from making weapons, and low- level radioactive waste (LLW) from many things like the mining, medical, and energy industries. Minor amounts of other radioactive wastes are dis- tributed among these categories. This nuclear and radioactive waste comes in four different types that are treated and disposed off in different ways and at different costs. However, most of the HLW is no longer waste with high levels of radiation (Conca 2013c). Conca (2013c) also suggests that changing laws, regulations, and agreements are very difficult in to- dayÕs political climate, but it is still a better strategy and cheaper than treating HLW that no longer exhibits high-level radiation. The cost of physically and chemically treating transuranic waste as though it is HLW is very expensive and unnecessary. He concludes that the difference is about $200 billion, suggesting that this is a significant amount to spend on a legal technicality. Conca (2013c) indicated that the SNF is the waste with the highest radiation, consisting of two isotopes, Cs-137 and Sr-90, both with approximately 30-year half-lives, making the waste exhibit high- level radiation for less than 200 years. Similarly for HLW, it is the Cs-137 and Sr-90 that contribute the high radiation, although not as much as SNF. LLW is considered by many to exhibit low-level. TRU spans the gamut from low-level to high-level radia- tion, and is primarily determined by the amount of Pu, while the level of radiation is again determined by the amount of Cs-137 and Sr-90. There is a myriad of laws and regulatory con- trols on all of the wastes, but this may have changed recently. The U.S. Congress took the first step in adopting a rational and achievable nuclear waste disposal plan that would reverse the catatonic state of our existing nuclear program (Conca 2013d). The Nuclear Waste Administration would be formed as a new and independent agency to manage nuclear waste, construct an interim storage facility(s) and site a permanent waste repository through a con- sent-based process. All of this is to be funded by on- going fees collected from nuclear power ratepayers which have been accumulating in the Nuclear Waste Fund for decades (Conca 2013d). University Uranium Research in U.S., Canada, and Australia The Uranium (Nuclear and Rare Earth Miner- als) Committee of the EMD is pleased to remind Figure 28. Types of nuclear waste (Conca 2013c).PDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
PDF Search Title:
Unconventional Energy ResourcesOriginal File Name Searched:
EMD_AAPG_2013_NRR_online.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |