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readers of the Jay M. McMurray Memorial Grant, which is awarded annually to a deserving student whose research involves U or nuclear fuel energy. This grant is made available through the AAPG Grants-In- Aid Program, and is endowed by the AAPG Founda- tion with contributions from his wife, Katherine McMurray, and several colleagues and friends. For further information, see American Association of Petroleum Geologists Foundation (2013). Research in the U.S.. Uranium-related research activities at the major American universities were limited in scope in 2012. Funding was primarily from private sources, usually U mining companies. The Society of Economic Geologists (SEG) provided two student grants related to U ore deposits. One of the U-related grants was for study of U/REEs in mid-crustal systems and their links to iron oxide– copper–gold deposits while the other grant was for a study of a deposit in British Guyana. In contrast, a total of four SEG grants were for the study of REE. In the U.S., U-related research at government agencies in 2012 was mostly limited to the USGS and the Wyoming State Geological Survey in coop- eration with the University of Wyoming Department of Geology and Geophysics. The USGS continues its research into the U ore-forming processes and the geology and geochemical changes that take place during extraction and processing and into the occurrence of REEs in the U.S., especially as re- ported in Wyoming. For additional information on these programs, see Campbell (2013b). Research in Canada. In Canada, U-related research is driven by a prosperous U industry and robust funding by the Canadian Government and by the Provinces involved in U exploration and mining. This funding supports numerous programs at the Geological Survey of Canada, the Saskatchewan Geological Survey, the Canadian Mining Innovation Council, and at numerous universities, i.e., Nancy Universite ́ , QueenÕs University, University of Re- gina, University of Saskatchewan, and University of Windsor. Funding is principally provided by AR- EVA, CAMECO, CanAlaska Uranium, JNR Re- sources, and Uravan Minerals among others. A more detailed summary of activities in Canada is provided in Campbell (2013b). Research in Australia. In Australia, U-related research is also driven by an active U industry and by funding from the Australian Government via the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, and the Australian National Univer- sity, and by the States involved in U exploration and mining, such as Macquarie University of Sydney, University of Queensland, James Cook University, University of Adelaide, and University of New South Wales. A more detailed summary of activities in Australia is provided in Campbell (2013b). Status of the Thorium Industry Most of the worldÕs nuclear power reactors currently run on U fuel. However, other designs exist that may offer more desirable characteristics. Some such designs utilize Th as the fuel, which is considered to be a more sustainable energy source. These designs are drawing increasing interest. Re- search is being conducted in the United Kingdom to study the viability of these designs (Sorensen 2012). Oslo-based Thor Energy is pairing up with the Norwegian government and U.S.-based (but Toshi- ba owned) Westinghouse to begin a 4-year test that they hope will dispel doubts and make Th a viable fuel for nuclear power (Thor Energy 2013). China is also using Canadian and American research to pursue a safe reactor based on Th (Xuqi 2011). Moreover, pilot Th-based reactors have been built and are being evaluated. The Molten Salt Reactor, built in the Oak Ridge National Labora- tory in Tennessee, ran for 4 years and helped to prove the basic concepts of a Liquid Fluoride Tho- rium Reactor (Sorensen 2012). The CANDU reac- tor in Canada also has had a long history of outstanding operation. Thorium Resources. Geochemically, Th is four times more abundant than U in the EarthÕs crust and economic concentrations of Th are found in a number of countries. Geologically, Th deposits are found in various geological environments, such as alkaline complexes, pegmatites, carbonatites, and heavy-mineral sands with wide geographic distribu- tion. For vein-related Th occurrences in the U.S., see Armbrustmacher et al. (1995). Worldwide, current Th resources are estimated to total about six million tons. Major resources of Th are present in Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Nor- way, South Africa, and the U.S. Thorium exploration is presently ongoing in some countries, such as India and the U.S. The present production of Th is mainly a by-product of processing of heavy-mineral sand American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Energy Minerals DivisionPDF Image | Unconventional Energy Resources
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