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21st Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology 2012 5 Water Toluene MM Ethanol R245fa Max. temperature of working fluid at expander intake [°C] >400 360 270 240 250 Pressure of working fluid at condenser [bar] 1.0 0.7 1.0 2.3 12.5 Maximum pressure of working fluid bar] 40 Transmission efficiency [%] turbine to engine 85 Specific heat capacity of exhaust gas [kJ/(kg*K)] 1,066 Heat exchanger efficiency [%] 90 Minimum pinch temperature heat exchanger [°C] 20 Fig. 4: Outline of the boundary conditions for the model 4.3 Model Assumptions for the Piston Machine The piston expander is modelled using a commercial 1D-system simulation tool. The model calculates the state and process variables as a function of the crank angle. The state of the steam is represented as homogeneous within each chamber, i.e. there is no variance with respect to position within the chamber. For the modelling the flow of the fluid at the valves of inlet, outlet and the effective cross-section is taken into account. The four main process steps - steam intake, expansion, exhaust and pre-compression - take into account the parameters displacement, dead volume, valve opening times and the properties of the working fluid. Additionally the impact of pressure losses at inlet and outlet ducts as well as leakage at different parts of the machine is considered for the evaluation of the working process. A p-V-diagram is generated out of the model from which the thermal power output is calculated. For calculation of the mechanical power output the mechanical friction of entire machine is modelled. For this purpose the major areas of friction are evaluated for the model.PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery for Commercial Vehicles with a Rankine Process
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