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14 21st Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology 2012 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Toluene_Turb B25 MM_Turb B50 B75 Engine Operating Point WHR Power / Engine Power R 245fa_Turb Water_Turb Ethanol_Turb Water_Pist Ethanol_Pist Fig. 14: Ratio of power output of the waste heat recovery system / engine power MM and ethanol show a similar performance when used in the turbine. Compared to ethanol MM is a dry expanding fluid. Therefore the turbine outlet temperature is high. As a consequence a recuperator after the turbine outlet is needed. It cools down the steam by heating the liquid fluid behind the fluid pump. Considering the system effort, the fluids MM and refrigerants require a significantly high input power for the fluid pump. In the case of R245fa it amounts up to 2 kW. A sufficiently large pump is required, resulting in packaging issues and in significantly increased system costs. When used in a turbine, water shows a lower performance than ethanol. The major reason is that the speed of sound of the fluid water is significantly higher than that of ethanol. Thus the volume flow given is not sufficient for a turbine with full admission. Hence the thermal efficiency is lower. Furthermore the rated speed of the turbine amounts to 150,000 rpm, which is high for mechanical usage of the power output. Therefore water is less suitable for a turbine. In a piston machine water and ethanol show a similar performance at B50 and higher operating points. At B25 the power output with ethanol is lower than with water. The major reason is an over-expansion. This can be improved by reducing the condensation pressure from approximately 2.2 bar to 1 bar. Thus the condensation temperature is reduced from 100°C to 78°C. The conclusion from the above considerations is that the most favourable solution is either a piston machine with water or ethanol as working fluids or a turbine with ethanol as working fluid. 0.8 2.3 Ratio [%] 3.2 2.5 2.8 3.9 2.5 2.2 3.8 2.7 4.3 4.9 4.4 4.3 4.7 4.7 6.2 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.3PDF Image | Waste Heat Recovery for Commercial Vehicles with a Rankine Process
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