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utilization of this energy has been limited to areas in which geological conditions permit a carrier (water in the liquid phase or steam) to "transfer" the heat from deep hot zones to or near the surface, thus giving rise to geothermal resources, but innovative techniques in the near future may offer new perspectives in this sector. There are examples in many areas of life of practical applications preceding scientific research and technological developments, and the geothermal sector is no exception. In the early part of the nineteenth century the geothermal fluids were already being exploited for their energy content. A chemical industry was set up in that period in Italy, in the zone now known as Larderello, to extract boric acid from the hot waters issuing naturally or from specially drilled shallow boreholes. The boric acid was obtained by evaporating the hot fluids in iron boilers, using the wood from nearby forests as fuel. In 1827 Francesco Larderel, founder of this industry, developed a system for utilizing the heat of the boric fluids in the evaporation process, rather than burning wood from the rapidly depleting forests. Exploitation of the natural steam for its mechanical energy began at much the same time. The geothermal steam was used to raise liquids in primitive gas lifts and later in reciprocating and centrifugal pumps and winches, all of which were connected with drilling activity or in the local boric acid industry. Between 1850 and 1875 the factory at Larderello held the monopoly in Europe for boric acid production. Between 1910 and 1940 the low pressure steam in this area of Tuscany was brought into use to heat the industrial and residential buildings and greenhouses. In 1928 Iceland, another pioneer in the utilization of geothermal energy, also began exploiting its geothermal fluids (mainly hot waters) for domestic heating. The first attempt at generating electricity from geothermal steam was made at Larderello in 1904. The success of this experiment indicated the industrial value of geothermal energy and marked the beginning of a form of exploitation that was to develop significantly from then on. Electricity generation at Larderello was a commercial success. By 1942 the installed geothermoelectric capacity had reached 127,650 kWe. The example set by Italy was followed by several countries. The first geothermal wells in Japan were drilled at Beppu in 1919 and in the USA at The Geysers, California, in 1921. In 1958 a small geothermal power plant began operating in New Zealand, in 1959 in Mexico, in 1960 in the USA, and in many other countries in the years to follow. Present status of geothermal utilization After the Second World War many countries were attracted by geothermal energy, considering it to be economically competitive with other forms of energy. It did not have to be imported, and, in some cases, it was the only energy source available locally. The countries that utilize geothermal energy to generate electricity are listed in Table 1, which gives the installed geothermal electric capacity worldwide in 1995 (a world total of 6833 MWe) and in the year 2000 (7974 MWe) (Huttrer, 2001). 3PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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