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Geothermal power can play a fairly significant role in the energy balance of some areas, and of the developing countries in particular, as can be inferred from the data reported in Table 2, which shows the percentage of geothermal power with respect to total electric power installed in some of these countries, relative to 1996. As regards non-electric applications of geothermal energy, Table 3 gives the installed capacity (15,145 MWt) and energy use (190,699 TJ/yr) worldwide referred to the year 2000. There are now 58 countries reporting direct uses, compared to 28 in 1995 and 24 in 1985. The data reported in this Table are difficult to collect and interpret, and should be used with caution. The most common non-electric use worldwide (in terms of installed capacity) is heat pumps (34.80%), followed by bathing (26.20%), space heating (21.62%), greenhouses (8.22%), aquaculture (3.93%), and industrial processes (3.13%) (Lund and Freeston, 2001). NATURE OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES The Earth's thermal engine The geothermal gradient expresses the increase in temperature with depth in the Earth's crust. Down to the depths accessible by drilling with modern technology, the average geothermal gradient is about 2.5-3 °C/100 m. For example, if the temperature within the first few metres below ground-level, which on average corresponds to the mean annual temperature of the external air, is 15 °C, then we can reasonably assume that the temperature will be about 65°-75 °C at 2000 m depth, 90°-105 °C at 3000 m and so on for a further few thousand metres. There are, however, vast areas in which the geothermal gradient is far from the average value. In areas in which the deep rock basement has undergone rapid sinking, and the basin is filled with geologically "very young" sediments, the geothermal gradient may be lower than 1 °C/100 m. On the other hand, in some "geothermal areas" the gradient is even higher than ten times the average value. The temperature increase with depth, as well as volcanoes, geysers, hot springs etc., are in a sense the visible or tangible expression of the heat in the interior of the Earth, but this heat also engenders other phenomena that are less discernable by man, but of such magnitude that the Earth has been compared to an immense "thermal engine". We will try to describe these phenomena, referred to collectively as the plate tectonics theory, in simple terms, and their relationship with geothermal resources. Our planet consists of a crust, which reaches a thickness of about 20-65 km in continental areas and about 5-6 km in oceanic areas, a mantle, which is roughly 2900 km thick, and a core, about 3470 km in radius (Figure 1). The physical and chemical characteristics of the crust, mantle and core vary from the surface of the Earth to its centre. The outermost shell of the Earth, known as the lithosphere, is made up of the crust and the upper layer of the mantle. Ranging in thickness from less than 80 km in oceanic zones to over 200 km in continental 4PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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