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Figure 5 Model of a geothermal system. Curve 1 is the reference curve for the boiling point of pure water. Curve 2 shows the temperature profile along a typical circulation route from recharge at point A to discharge at point E. (From White,1973). The phenomenon we have just described may seem quite a simple one but the reconstruction of a good model of a real geothermal system is by no means easy to achieve. It requires skill in many disciplines and a vast experience, especially when dealing with high temperature systems. Geothermal systems also occur in nature in a variety of combinations of geological, physical and chemical characteristics, thus giving rise to several different types of system. Of all the elements of a geothermal system, the heat source is the only one that need be natural. Providing conditions are favourable, the other two elements could be "artificial". For example, the geothermal fluids extracted from the reservoir to drive the turbine in a geothermal power-plant could, after their utilization, be injected back into the reservoir through specific injection wells. In this way the natural recharge of the reservoir is integrated by an artificial recharge. For many years now re-injection has been adopted in various parts of the world as a means of drastically reducing the impact on the environment of power-plant operations. In the Hot Dry Rock (HDR) Project, implemented in the USA in the early 1970s, both the fluid and the reservoir are artificial (Garnish, 1987). High-pressured water is pumped through a specially drilled well into a deep body of hot, compact rock, causing its hydraulic fracturing. The water permeates these artificial fractures, extracting heat from the surrounding rock, which acts as a natural reservoir. This 'reservoir' is later penetrated by a second well, which is used to 9PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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