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Depending on temperature and pressure conditions, they can produce hot water, water and steam mixtures, wet steam and, in some cases, dry steam. In vapour-dominated systems liquid water and vapour normally co-exist in the reservoir, with vapour as the continuous, pressure-controlling phase. Geothermal systems of this type, the best-known of which are Larderello in Italy and The Geysers in California, are somewhat rare, and are high-temperature systems. They normally produce dry-to- superheated steam. The terms wet, dry and superheated steam, which are used frequently by geothermists, need some explanation for non-engineering readers. To make it as simple as possible, let us take the example of a pot filled with liquid water in which pressure can be kept constant at 1 atm (101.3 kPa). If we then heat the water, it will begin boiling once it reaches a temperature of 100°C (boiling temperature at a pressure of 1 atm) and will pass from the liquid to the gas (vapour) phase. After a certain time the pot will contain both liquid and vapour. The vapour coexisting with the liquid, and in thermodynamic equilibrium with it, is wet steam. If we continue to heat the pot and maintain the pressure at 1 atm, the liquid will evaporate entirely and the pot will contain steam only. This is what we call dry steam. Both wet and dry steam are called saturated steam. Finally, increasing the temperature to, say, 120°C, and keeping the pressure at 1 atm, we will obtain superheated steam with a superheating of 20°C, i.e. 20°C above the vaporization temperature at that pressure. At other temperatures and pressures, of course, these phenomena also take place in the underground, in what one author many years ago called "nature's tea-kettle". Another division between geothermal systems is that based on the reservoir equilibrium state (Nicholson, 1993), considering the circulation of the reservoir fluid and the mechanism of heat transfer. In the dynamic systems the reservoir is continually recharged by water that is heated and then discharged from the reservoir either to the surface or into underground permeable formations. Heat is transferred through the system by convection and circulation of the fluid. This category includes high-temperature (>150°C) and low-temperature (<150°C) systems. In the static systems (also known as stagnant or storage systems) there is only minor or no recharge to the reservoir and heat is transferred only by conduction. This category includes low-temperature and geopressured systems. The geopressured systems are characteristically found in large sedimentary basins (e.g. Gulf of Mexico, USA) at depths of 3 - 7 km. The geopressured reservoirs consist of permeable sedimentary rocks, included within impermeable low-conductivity strata, containing pressurized hot water that remained trapped at the moment of deposition of the sediments. The hot water pressure approaches lithostatic pressure, greatly exceeding the hydrostatic pressure. The geopressured reservoirs can also contain significant amounts of methane. The geopressured systems could produce thermal and hydraulic energy (pressurized hot water) and methane gas. These resources have been investigated extensively, but so far there has been no industrial exploitation. The term geothermal field is generally used to indicate an area with one or more geothermal systems, whether or not they are actually being exploited. 11PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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