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EXPLORATION Objectives of exploration The objectives of geothermal exploration are (Lumb, 1981): 1. To identify geothermal phenomena. 2. To ascertain that a useful geothermal production field exists. 3. To estimate the size of the resource. 4. To determine the type of geothermal field. 5. To locate productive zones. 6. To determine the heat content of the fluids that will be discharged by the wells in the geothermal field. 7. To compile a body of basic data against which the results of future monitoring can be viewed. 8. To determine the pre-exploitation values of environmentally sensitive parameters. 9. To acquire knowledge of any characteristics that might cause problems during field development. Exploration methods Geological and hydrogeological studies are the starting point of any exploration programme, and their basic function is that of identifying the location and extension of the areas worth investigating in greater detail and of recommending the most suitable exploration methods for these areas. Geological and hydrogeological studies have an important role in all subsequent phases of geothermal research, right up to the siting of exploratory and producing boreholes. They also provide the background information for interpreting the data obtained with the other exploration methods and, finally, for constructing a realistic model of the geothermal system and assessing the potential of the resource. The information obtained from the geological and hydrogeological studies may also be used in the production phase, providing valuable information for the reservoir and production engineers. The duration and cost of exploration can be appreciably reduced if an experienced geothermal geologist co-ordinates the exploration programme. Geochemical surveys (including isotope geochemistry) are a useful means of determining whether the geothermal system is water- or vapour-dominated, of estimating the minimum temperature expected at depth, of estimating the homogeneity of the water supply, of inferring the chemical characteristics of the deep fluid and of determining the source of recharge water (Combs and Muffler, 1973). Valuable information can also be obtained on what problems are likely to arise during the utilization phase (e.g. corrosion and scaling on pipes and plant installations, environmental impact) and on how to avoid or combat them. The geochemical survey consists of sampling and chemical and/or isotope analyses of the water and gas from geothermal manifestations (hot springs, fumaroles, etc.) or wells in the study area. As the 13PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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