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geochemical survey provides useful data for planning exploration and its cost is relatively low compared to other more sophisticated methods, such as the geophysical surveys, the geochemical techniques should be utilized as much as possible before proceeding with other more expensive methodologies. Geophysical surveys are directed at obtaining indirectly, from the surface or from depth intervals close to the surface, the physical parameters of deep geological formations. These physical parameters include temperature (thermal survey), electrical conductivity (electrical and electromagnetic methods), propagation velocity of elastic waves (seismic survey), density (gravity survey) and magnetic susceptibility (magnetic survey). Some of these techniques, such as seismics, gravity and magnetics, which are traditionally adopted in oil research, can give valuable information on the shape, size, depth and other important characteristics of the deep geological structures that could constitute a geothermal reservoir, but they give little or no indication as to whether these structures actually contain the fluids that are the primary objective of research. These methodologies are, therefore, more suited to defining details during the final stages of exploration, before the exploratory wells are sited. Information on the existence of geothermal fluids in the geological structures can be obtained with the electrical and electromagnetic prospectings, which are more sensitive than the other surveys to the presence of these fluids and to variations in temperature; these two techniques have been applied widely with satisfactory results. The magnetotelluric method, in particular, has been greatly improved over the last few years, and now offers a vast spectrum of possible applications, despite the fact that it requires sophisticated instrumentation and is sensitive to background noise in urbanized areas. The main advantage of the magnetotelluric method is that it can be used to define deeper structures than are attainable with the electric and the other electro-magnetic techniques. The thermal techniques (temperature measurements, determination of geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow) can often provide a good approximation of the temperature at the top of the reservoir. Drilling of exploratory wells represents the final phase of any geothermal exploration programme and is the only means of determining the real characteristics of the geothermal reservoir and thus of assessing its potential (Combs and Muffler, 1973). The data provided by exploratory wells should be capable of verifying all the hypotheses and models elaborated from the results of surface exploration and of confirming that the reservoir is productive and that it contains enough fluids of adequate characteristics for the utilization for which it is intended. Siting of the exploratory wells is therefore a very delicate operation. Exploration programme Before drawing up a geothermal exploration programme all existing geological, geophysical and geochemical data must be collected and integrated with any data available from previous studies on water, minerals and oil resources in the study area and adjacent areas. This 14PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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