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Electricity generation mainly takes place in conventional steam turbines and binary plants, depending on the characteristics of the geothermal resource. Conventional steam turbines require fluids at temperatures of at least 150 °C and are available with either atmospheric (backpressure) or condensing exhausts. Atmospheric exhaust turbines are simpler and cheaper. The steam, direct from dry steam wells or, after separation, from wet wells, is passed through a turbine and exhausted to the atmosphere. With this type of unit, steam consumption (from the same inlet pressure) per kilowatt-hour produced is almost double that of a condensing unit. However, the atmospheric exhaust turbines are extremely useful as pilot plants, stand-by plants, in the case of small supplies from isolated wells, and for generating electricity from test wells during field development. They are also used when the steam has a high noncondensable gas content (> 12% in weight). The atmospheric exhaust units can be constructed and installed very quickly and put into operation in little more than 13- 14 months from their order date. This type of machine is usually available in small sizes (2.5 - 5 MWe). The condensing units, having more auxiliary equipment, are more complex than the atmospheric exhaust units and the bigger sizes take up to twice as long to construct and install. The specific steam consumption of the condensing units is, however, about half that of the atmospheric exhaust units. Condensing plants of 55 - 60 MWe capacity are very common, but recently plants of 110 MWe have also been constructed and installed. Generating electricity from low-to-medium temperature geothermal fluids and from the waste hot waters coming from the separators in water - dominated geothermal fields has made considerable progress since improvements were made in binary fluid technology. The binary plants utilize a secondary working fluid, usually an organic fluid, that has a low boiling point and high vapour pressure at low temperatures when compared to steam. The secondary fluid is operated through a conventional Rankine cycle: the geothermal fluid yields heat to the secondary fluid through heat exchangers, in which this fluid is heated and vaporizes; the vapour produced drives a normal axial flow turbine, is then cooled and condensed, and the cycle begins again. By selecting suitable secondary fluids, binary systems can be designed to utilize geothermal fluids in the temperature range 85-175°C. The upper limit depends on the thermal stability of the organic binary fluid, and the lower limit on technical-economic factors: below this temperature the size of the heat exchangers required would render the project uneconomical. Apart from low-to-medium temperature geothermal fluids and waste fluids, binary systems can also be utilized where flashing of the geothermal fluids should preferably be avoided (for example, to prevent well sealing). In this case, downhole pumps can be used to keep the fluids in a pressurized liquid state, and the energy can be extracted from the circulating fluid by means of binary units. Binary plants are usually constructed in small modular units of a few hundred kWe to a few MWe capacity. These units can then be linked up to create power-plants of a few tens of megawatts. Their cost depends on a number of factors, but particularly on the temperature of 17PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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