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the geothermal fluid produced, which influences the size of the turbine, heat exchangers and cooling system. The total size of the plant has little effect on the specific cost, as a series of standard modular units is joined together to obtain larger capacities. After long trial and error, binary plant technology is emerging as a very cost-effective and reliable means of converting into electricity the energy available from water-dominated geothermal fields (below 175 °C) (ORMAT, 1989). A new binary cycle system has been developed recently, called the Kalina cycle. The Kalina cycle uses an ammonia-water mixture as the working fluid and takes advantage of regenerative heating. The ammonia-water mixture has a low boiling point, so that the excess heat coming from the turbine’s exhaust can be used to vaporize a substantial portion of the working fluid. This plant is estimated to be up to 40% more efficient than existing geothermal binary power plants. Direct heat uses Direct heat use is one of the oldest, most versatile and also the most common form of utilization of geothermal energy. Space and district heating, agricultural applications, aquaculture and industrial uses are the best known and most widespread forms of utilization, but other forms are already in use or in the late planning stages. Space and district heating have made great progress in Iceland, where the total capacity of the operating geothermal district heating system had risen to about 1200 MWt by the end of 1999 (Figure 7), but they are also widely distributed in the East European countries, as well as in the United States, China, Japan, France, etc. Figure 7 18PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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