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Simplified flow diagram of the geothermal district heating system of Reykjavik. (From Gudmundsson, 1988) Geothermal district heating systems are capital intensive. The main costs are initial investment costs , for production and injection wells, downhole and transmission pumps, pipelines and distribution networks, monitoring and control equipment, peaking stations and storage tanks. Operating expenses, however, are comparatively lower than in conventional systems, and consist of pumping power, system maintenance, control and management. A crucial factor in estimating the initial cost of the system is the thermal load density, or the heat demand divided by the ground area of the district. A high heat density determines the economic feasibility of a district heating project, since the distribution network is expensive. Some economic benefit can be achieved by combining heating and cooling in areas where the climate permits. The load factor in a system with combined heating and cooling would be higher than the factor for heating alone, and the unit energy price would consequently improve (Gudmundsson, 1988). Space cooling is a feasible option where absorption machines can be adapted to geothermal use. The technology of these machines is well known, and they are readily available on the market. The absorption cycle is a process that utilizes heat instead of electricity as the energy source. The refrigeration effect is obtained by utilizing two fluids: a refrigerant, which circulates, evaporates and condenses, and a secondary fluid or absorbent. For applications above 0 °C (primarily in space and process conditioning), the cycle uses lithium bromide as the absorbent and water as the refrigerant. For applications below 0 °C an ammonia/water cycle is adopted, with ammonia as the refrigerant and water as the absorbent. Geothermal fluids provide the thermal energy to drive these machines, although their efficiency decreases with temperatures lower than 105 °C. Geothermal space conditioning (heating and cooling) has expanded considerably since the 1980s, following on the introduction and widespread use of heat pumps. The various systems of heat pumps available permit us to economically extract and utilize the heat content of low- temperature bodies, such as the ground and shallow aquifers, ponds, etc. (see, for example, Figure 8). As our engineering readers will already know, heat pumps are machines that move heat in a direction opposite to that in which it would tend to go naturally, i.e. from a cold space or body to a warmer one. A heat pump is effectively nothing more than a refrigeration unit (Rafferty, 1997). Any refrigeration device (window air conditioner, refrigerator, freezer, etc.) moves heat from a space (to keep it cool) and discharges that heat at higher temperatures. The only difference between a heat pump and a refrigeration unit is the desired effect, cooling for the refrigeration unit and heating for the heat pump. A second distinguishing factor of many heat pumps is that they are reversible and can provide either heating or cooling in the space. Heat pumps need electricity to operate, but in suitable climatic conditions and with a good design, the energy balance is a positive one. Ground-coupled and ground-water heat pump 19PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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