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The temperatures required for several aquatic species are generally in the 20—30 °C range. The size of the installation will depend on the temperature of the geothermal source, the temperature required in the fish ponds and the heat losses from the latter. The entire temperature range of geothermal fluids, whether steam or water, can be exploited for industrial applications, as shown in the Lindal diagram (Figure 6). The different possible forms of utilization include process heating, evaporation, drying, distillation, sterilization, washing, de-icing, salt and chemical extraction, as well as oil recovery. Industrial process heat has applications in 19 countries, where the installations tend to be large and energy consumption high. Examples include: concrete curing, bottling of water and carbonated drinks, paper and vehicle parts production, oil recovery, milk pasteurization, leather industry, chemical extraction, CO2 extraction (Lund and Freeston, 2001), mushroom growing and laundry use, salt extraction and diatomaceous earth drying, pulp and paper processing, and borate and boric acid production. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT During the 1960s, when our environment was in a healthier state than it is at present and we were less aware of the threat to the earth, geothermal energy was still considered a 'clean energy'. There is actually no way of producing or transforming energy into a form that can be utilized by man without making some direct or indirect impact on the environment. Even the oldest and simplest form of producing thermal energy, burning wood, has a detrimental effect, and deforestation, one of the major problems in recent years, first began when our ancestors cut down trees to cook their food and heat their houses. Similarly, exploitation of geothermal energy also has an impact on the environment, although it must be said that it is one of the least polluting forms. Sources of pollution In most cases the degree to which geothermal exploitation affects the environment is proportional to the scale of such exploitation (Lunis and Breckenridge,1991). Table 5 summarizes the probability and relative severity of the effects on the environment of developing geothermal direct-use projects. Electricity generation in binary cycle plants will affect the environment in the same way as direct heat uses. The effects are potentially greater in the case of conventional back-pressure or condensing power-plants, especially as regards air quality, but can be kept within acceptable limits. Any modification to our environment must be evaluated carefully, in deference to the relevant laws and regulations, which in some countries are very severe, but also because an apparently insignificant modification could trigger a chain of events whose impact is difficult to fully assess beforehand. For example, a mere 2-3 °C increase in the temperature of a body of water as a result of discharging the waste water from a utilization plant could damage its ecosystem. The plant and animal organisms that are most sensitive to temperature variations 24PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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