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could gradually disappear, leaving a fish species without its food source. An increase in water temperature could impair development of the eggs of other fish species. If these fish are edible and provide the necessary support for a community of fishermen, then their disappearance could be critical for the community at large. The example we have just given is hypothetical but does not fall short of the truth. The first perceptible effect on the environment is that of drilling, whether the boreholes are shallow ones for measuring the geothermal gradient in the pre-feasibility exploration phase, or exploratory/producing wells. Installation of a drilling rig and all the accessory equipment entails the construction of access roads and a drilling pad. The latter will cover an area ranging from 300—500 m2 for a small truck-mounted rig (max.depth 300—700 m) to 1200—1500 m2 for a small-to-medium rig (max. depth of 2000 m). These operations will modify the surface morphology of the area and could damage local plants and wildlife. Blowouts can pollute surface water; blowout preventers should be installed when drilling geothermal wells where high temperatures and pressures are anticipated (Lunis and Breckenridge,1991). During drilling or flowtests undesirable gases may be discharged into the atmosphere. The impact on the environment caused by drilling mostly ends once drilling is completed. The next stage, installation of the pipelines that will transport the geothermal fluids and construction of the utilization plants, will also affect animal and plant life and the surface morphology. The scenic view will be modified, although in some areas such as Larderello, Italy, the network of pipelines criss-crossing the countryside and the power-plant cooling towers have become an integral part of the panorama and are indeed a famous tourist attraction. Environmental problems also arise during plant operation. Geothermal fluids (steam or hot water) usually contain gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), and trace amounts of other gases, as well as dissolved substances whose concentrations usually increase with temperature. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl), boron (B), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) are a source of pollution if discharged into the environment. Some geothermal fluids, such as those utilized for district- heating in Iceland, are freshwaters, but this is an exception to the rule. The waste waters from geothermal plants also have a higher temperature than the environment and therefore constitute a potential thermal pollutant. Air pollution may become a problem when generating electricity in conventional power- plants. Hydrogen sulphide is one of the main pollutants. The odour threshold for hydrogen sulphide in air is about 5 parts per billion by volume and subtle physiological effects can be detected at slightly higher concentrations (Weres, 1984). Various processes, however, can be adopted to reduce emissions of this gas. Carbon dioxide is also present in the fluids used in the geothermal power plants, although much less CO2 is discharged from these plants than from fossil-fuelled power stations: 13 – 380 g for every kWh of electricity produced in the geothermal plants, compared to the 1042 g/kWh of the coal-fired plants, 906 g/kWh of oil- 25PDF Image | What is geothermal energy
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