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In order to allow producer gas to be used directly for power generation (i.e., combusted in an engine/generator set) or catalytically modified to produce chemical products such as methane, methanol, dimethyl ether or diesel-type oils it must be cleaned of tars and other contaminants. Once producer gas is cleaned, it is generally referred to as syngas, i.e. a synthetic gas. In common usage, “syngas” has become the term for gas produced in a gasification system and is used to refer to both producer gas and syngas. Tars produced during biomass gasification can have significant negative effects on system operation as condensation and deposition of tars at temperatures below 350 ̊C can lead to fouling and potential blockage of downstream equipment and piping. Typical tar contents in producer gas can range from 0.5 to 100 g/m3. For internal combustion engines these tar levels must be reduced to below 0.1 g/m3. The tar limit drops significantly for gas turbines (0.005 g/m3) and even further for chemical synthesis applications (0.0005 mg/m3). For chemical synthesis processes, sulphur and ammonia compounds can lead to catalyst destruction and the limits for NH3, HCN, H2S are below one part per million. Tar production varies by gasifier design. A downdraft gasifier produces less tar than a fluidized bed or updraft gasifier. Figure 3 - Characteristics of Different Gasification Technologies (Ref: Yukon Energy FEED Study) Several methods exist for the reduction of gasification tars. Common methods for tar removal in small-scale CHP systems are based on mechanical separation using cyclones, scrubbers and filters. Thermal cracking in which the tar molecules are “cracked” apart by high temperatures can also be used (e.g., Nexterra). Cracking of the tar molecules by use of catalysts can be very effective but must usually be done in combination with other techniques to avoid catalyst destruction. Mechanical methods can be effective in capturing both tars and particulate matter from the producer gas stream. The most common approach in CHP application is to use a bed of hot charcoal (usually within the gasifier vessel) to reduce the tar followed by cooling and a filter to remove most of the remaining tar and particulates. Tar concentrations in the output gas can thus be reduced to as low as 0.05 g/Nm3. For improved tar reduction, scrubber systems and electrostatic precipitators can be used. These are however more expensive options and 10PDF Image | Yukon Biomass Electrical Generation
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