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2.2 Organic Rankine Cycle Figure 4 - Schematic of Organic Rankine Cycle Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engines are closed systems which operate on an external source of heat. The heat may come from a conventional source including established biomass combustion systems. ORC differs from Rankine cycle in that the working fluid is sealed within the system and depending on the fluid used as a heat source can operate at low temperatures. The heat source vaporizes the working fluid that then is passed through a turbine attached to a generator for electricity generation. Refrigerants, such as R245fa and R134a, are used for waste heat and low temperature heat sources from 80-140°C. Hydrocarbons fluids are used for temperatures of 150- 250°C, while silicon-based siloxanes are used for temperatures of 250-350°C. The efficiency of ORC units depends on temperature and ranges from 7.5% for low temperature (<100°C) heat sources to >23% for high temperature (>350°C) heat sources. ORC systems can have very high uptime (>97%) and turndown ratios of 10:1. One limitation of ORC systems is the high per-unit capital cost, mostly due to low electrical efficiency. Energy pricing is the principal reason that whereas these units are well established in Europe, they are just beginning to make inroads in North America. The high cost factor can be mitigated by going to higher temperature systems such as provided by biomass combustion or by using waste heat which has no further value. Since biomass combustion is the expected heat source for remote communities, a more economical approach may be to consider combining a relatively inexpensive biomass furnace with ORC systems using siloxane-type working fluid at 250-350 C. The other approach may be to turn the CHP concept on its head by setting up a system to provide heat first and then use the low temperature waste heat to run a low temperature ORC system. Obviously each application is different and both options would have to be part of an economic analysis to determine the cost effective approach. For these reasons both low and high temperature ORC systems should be considered. An important consideration for ORC is the level of support and integration provided by the ORC equipment supplier. Many ORC systems are NOT supplied “turnkey”. The client (community) is expected to specify, procure and install the boiler and/or heat exchangers and integrate these with the ORC system. All of these requirements can add substantially to the cost of ORC systems. 15PDF Image | Yukon Biomass Electrical Generation
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