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mechanisms to train and equip local people for clean-energy jobs including educational and apprenticeship opportunities. One of the key determining factors for success in existing biomass systems has been getting “buy-in” from the future operators and managers right from the start of a project. There is a need to gain experience and confidence on biomass heating systems with chips (and pellets) in order to minimize environmental and health impacts and increase public awareness. Wood plants require both maintenance and operation beyond what would be required for an oil- or gas-burning plant. Wood pellets are more difficult to feed into the combustion chamber than either oil or gas. Wood chips are more difficult to feed than are wood pellets, and require that quality-control measures be put in place by the plant operator, as opposed to the pellet-fuel vendor. Feeding cordwood requires the most intervention by an operator, but the least equipment. 3.2 Feedstock Issues Wood can be burned clean, on a level with the emissions from a natural gas plant. If cord wood or chips are being fed, the emissions can be as clean as from a pellet plant, provided that the quality- control issues have been addressed. Wood contains virtually no sulphur or chlorine, both of which can create noxious chemicals in a plant’s exhaust. Storage of oil and gas requires considerable planning, permitting and expense. Wood fuel is innocuous and simple to store or to clean up after a spill. Feedstock quality and homogeneity are much more important for internal combustion systems – in particular gasification-based facilities – than for external combustion systems employing heat engines. Feedstocks for gasification and IC engine/microturbine systems typically require drying and bark removal in order to limit tar production. A uniform particle size is also important for efficient operation of the system, to limit bridging (blockage) of the fuel, and to minimize production of tar. Preprocessing, including debarking, sizing, and drying of the fuel is necessary for gasification but can increase capital and operating costs and reduce the net electrical and heat output due to parasitic loads. Available feedstock characteristics will play a much larger role in the decision-making process for implementation and operation of a gasification system than ORC or Stirling engines. Educating project developers and project stakeholders on the appropriate feedstocks for specific technologies is important for managing performance expectations and increasing technology- deployment success. One major factor in the move to increased use of biomass for energy is a need for appreciation and development of specifications for biomass fuels. There is a common misconception that “biomass is biomass”. Biomass properties can vary substantially and one person’s wood chips are different from someone else’s idea of what they will be (this was clearly illustrated in the problems with operation of the Yukon College Gasifier). Specifications need to be firmed up and adhered to but this is where experience is useful and necessary. Wood chips are the most commonly used bioenergy feedstock and have been used extensively for heating large facilities and for process heat applications such as drying lumber. Chips are produced as a by-product in sawmills and can also be made by chipping scrap wood or whole trees. While relatively inexpensive compared to more processed forms of biomass, chip consistency and quality can vary substantially. The ideal chip is dry, uniform in size and free of 26PDF Image | Yukon Biomass Electrical Generation
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