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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS Most wood pellets that are traded globally are used for electricity generation. In the EU, residential heating accounts for the largest share of pellet demand, but there is a large and growing demand for imported wood pellets to produce electricity.42 To meet this growing demand, the EU imported around 6.4 million tonnes in 2013. About 75% of total imports were from North America (an increase of 55% over 2012), and much of the remainder came from Russia and Eastern Europe.43 (See Reference Table R3.) Use of biogas for power generation also is rising rapidly in Europe. By the end of 2012, more than 13,800 biogas power plants (up roughly 1,400 over the year), with a total installed capacity of 7.5 GW, were in operation.44 Germany has seen rapid growth, particularly during 2009–2011, and still dominates the market.45 However, while capacity expansion has continued since then, Germany’s rate of annual increase has slowed in response to changes in the renewable energy law.46 Sweden also has growing bio-power shares from gaseous fuels.47 In China, bio-power capacity rose very rapidly for several years, but growth has slowed recently due to limited availability of suitable biomass.48 By the end of 2013, bio-power capacity reached 6.2 GW (excluding 2.3 GW of waste-to-energy combustion). Most of this was direct combustion of agricultural and forestry biomass, including 1.7 GW of bagasse, 1.2 GW from gasification of sludge and biomass, 0.3 GW of large-scale biogas, and other sources.49 India was also one of the top markets in 2013, adding about 0.4 GW of bio-power capacity in 2013, mostly by bagasse-based CHP plants, to reach a total of over 4.4 GW by year’s end.50 However, India’s capacity additions were around 40% below those in 2012, and around 10% below the national target.51 Elsewhere in Asia, Japan added 0.1 GW under the new feed-in tariff, for an estimated 3.4 GW at the end of 2013.52 In Thailand, electricity from biomass, including biogas, has increased rapidly over the past decade, and growth is set to continue with new capacity under construction.53 In 2013, a contract was signed for construction of a 9.5 MW facility in Samut Sakhon that will run on coconut wastes (husks, shells, fronds, and leaves), and the electricity will feed into the public grid under the attractive biomass FIT.54 Demand for bio-power is also driven by the renovation of old and idled coal-fired power plants and their conversion to 100% biomass. Expansion is occurring in the United States and elsewhere.55 However, concerns about the revised regulatory and policy framework in the United Kingdom led E.ON to halt its plans to convert an existing coal plant to bioenergy.56 Conversion of fossil fuel power plants to enable co-firing with varying shares of solid biomass or biogas/landfill gas is also increasing demand. By 2013, about 230 existing commercial coal- and natural gas-fired power and CHP plants had been converted, mainly in Europe and the United States but also in Asia, Australia, and elsewhere.57 In Japan, Sumitomo Osaka Cement, Nippon Paper Industries, and Idemitsu Kosan took advantage of the national FIT for bio-power to reduce their dependence on coal by part-substituting wood chips and other biomass feedstocks.58 Further developments have been constrained, however, with increasing awareness of practical handling and operating limitations, such as reduced power output with higher biomass shares.59 Transport Biofuel Markets Global biofuel consumption and production increased 7% in 2013, to a total of 116.6 billion litres, following a slight decline in 2012.60 (See Figure 6). World fuel ethanol volumes were up around 5% to 87.2 billion litres, and biodiesel production was up over 11% to 26.3 billion litresi. Hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) continued to increase, but from a low base. North America remained the top region for the production and consumption of ethanol, followed by Latin America. Once again, Europe produced and consumed the largest share of biodiesel. In Asia, production of both ethanol and biodiesel continued to increase rapidly.61 Thailand, for example, continued its rapid expansion of biofuels production (both ethanol and biodiesel), which rose by around 30% in 2013 (after a 28% increase in 2012).62 Its growth is due primarily to the Renewable Energy Development Plan.63 (See Reference Table R4.) Global ethanol production was dominated by the United States and Brazil, which retained their top spots and accounted for 87% of the global total.64 U.S. ethanol production in 2013, at around 50 billion litres, was similar to 2012 production, and almost all of this was made from corn feedstock.65 Ethanol displaced about 10% of U.S. gasoline transport demand during the year.66 In addition, nearly 2.4 billion litres (630 million gallons) was exported, primarily to Canada (54%) and the Philippines (9%); the United Arab Emirates, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru were also leading markets for U.S. ethanol.67 There was also significant demand for the co-products of ethanol production, including corn oil and livestock feed.68 Brazil increased its sugarcane ethanol production by 18% (up 4.2 billion litres) in 2013, to reach around 25.5 billion litres.69 Elsewhere in Latin America, Argentina nearly doubled its ethanol production to almost 0.5 million litres, with the opening of a large corn ethanol plant. The expansion was driven by Argentina’s 5% ethanol fuel blend mandate.70 Other significant producers of ethanol included China (2 billion litres) and Canada (1.8 billion litres).71 The EU has been the largest regional biodiesel producer for years and, in 2013, it accounted for 10.5 billion litres of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) production plus 1.8 billion litres of HVO.72 However, its share of the global total (about 42%) has remained static in recent years.73 By contrast, U.S. production of both biodiesel FAME and HVO has risen rapidly over the past few years and accounted for 17% of the global total in 2013 (up from 14.5% in 2012).74 Production was up by one-third over the year to approximately 5.1 billion litres, making the United States again the largest national producer.75 U.S. output exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) target under the federal renewable fuels standard (RFS), which called for inclusion of 4.8 billion litres (1.28 billion gallons) in diesel fuel markets in 2013.76 34 i - Biodiesel is FAME (fatty acid methyl esters), with data for HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil, also known as “renewable diesel”) shown separately. HVO is a “drop-in” biofuel produced from waste oils, fats, and vegetable oils and has different markets than FAME biodiesel, including potential as aviation fuel. HVO blends more easily with diesel and jet fuel than does FAME, has a lower processing cost, is compatible with existing diesel infrastructure, reduces nitrous oxide emissions, and has greater feedstock flexibility.PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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