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from 54 in 2011 to 112 in 2012, and, in 2013, the first U.K. plant to inject biomethane into the gas grid entered into operation.105 A further 200 U.K. sites had received planning consents by early 2014, with growth driven by policies to divert organic waste from landfill sites in order to meet the EU Directive.106 Elsewhere in Europe, rapid expansion has also been driven by policy changes.107 For example, Italy alone saw its number of operational biogas plants increase from 521 to 1,264 within a year, driven primarily by a high feed-in tariff and support focussed on small- scale plants.108 The Czech Republic and Slovakia also have seen significant expansion in the number of plants.109 In the United States, there were well over 2,200 plants producing biogas.110 The industry was busy in other regions as well, including Latin America. Brazil had 24 biogas production plants operating in 2013 with capacity totalling 84 MW, and more were planned.111 Companies in Chile and Colombia were producing biogas from their agricultural waste streams to generate electricity, some of which is fed into the grid.112 Several companies, including consultant SLR (U.K.), are building new landfill gas sites in Africa and other regions. However, the gas potential is often limited by waste composition, and poor control and management, which render the landfill sites unsuitable for gas production.113 Thanks to recent technology advancements, companies are able to produce gaseous fuels through the digestion of dry feedstocks, using either a hydrolyser via the Schmack pre-treatment process or a special Bioferm fermentation process.114 Göteborg Energi (Sweden) completed construction of a 20 MW facility that gasifies forest residues and then converts the synthesis gases—hydrogen and carbon monoxide—into biomethane.115 This novel approach aims for a 65% conversion efficiency of solid biomass to biomethane that is suitable for grid injection. The excess heat is used in a district heating scheme, resulting in 90% overall conversion efficiency.116 Liquid Biofuels Industry Investment in biofuels production capacity continued to decline in 2013, down to USD 4.9 billion from the 2007 peak of USD 29.3 billion.117 And despite the increase in production and consumption, biofuels met only about 2.3% of total transport fuel demand.118 Yet several new plants opened in 2013, and the aviation industry demonstrated its continuing interest in the development and use of advanced biofuels. In 2013, there were 210 fuel ethanol plants in 28 U.S. states, with installed nameplate capacity of more than 56 billion litres (14.9 billion gallons); of this total, 192 plants were in operation, representing production capacity of 53 billion litres. As of early 2014, another seven plants were under construction or expansion.119 Although the EU continued its anti-subsidy barrier against U.S. corn ethanol for another year, U.S. producers retained strong earnings in 2013, thanks mainly to lower corn prices (in 2012, prices were high due to drought). By early 2014, however, U.S. producers were concerned about the potential reduction to federal blending mandates and the possible future elimination of advanced biofuels incentives.120 In Brazil, the ethanol price paid to producers in Brazil rose 15% from January to December 2013, due to the higher oil prices and seasonal variations in sugarcane yields and sugar prices.121 During the year, Brazil had 367 registered sugarcane ethanol plants in operation, and additional biofuel production facilities were being planned.122 For example, in late 2013/early 2014, POET (United States) finalised the details of its 50 million litre per year corn ethanol plant that was to be constructed in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.123 However, the company faced public concern about the expansion of corn ethanol production and the possible impacts on commodity prices and the local environment. The city already had two operating “flex”-ethanol plants (using sugar cane and corn as feedstocks).124 In Argentina, Promaíz S.A. began production at its new 130 million litre capacity facility, the country’s largest ethanol plant using corn feedstock. The plant, which incorporates a continuous fermentation process, will provide biofuel to help meet Argentina’s mandated E5 blend.125 The number of biodiesel producers in the United States reached 115 in 2013, with a total capacity of about 8.5 billion litres. Production margins were reduced after the loss of a federal tax credit for U.S. biodiesel blenders in 2011, and the industry continued to struggle in 2013, mainly because the price of soybeans (which constitute around half of the feedstock) did not decline as expected.126 In Brazil, in contrast to rise in ethanol prices, the competitive auction price for biodiesel declined by 12.7% compared with 2012. The decrease was due to high soybean production levels and strong global supply of vegetable oils. As a result, 60% of Brazil’s biodiesel production capacity remained unused in 2013.127 RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 37 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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