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42 02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS SIDEBAR 4. HEAT PUMPS AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Heat pumps provide heating, cooling, and hot water for residential, commercial, and industrial applications by drawing on one of three main sources: the ground, ambient air, or water bodies such as lakes, rivers, or the sea.i Heat pumps can also be employed efficiently using waste heat from industrial processes, sewage water, and buildings. The energy output of heat pumps is at least partially renewable on a final energy basis. As the term implies, heat pumps transfer heat from one area (source) to another (sink) using a refrigeration cycle driven by external energy, either electric or thermal energy. Depending on the inherent efficiency of the heat pump itself and its external operating conditions, it is capable of delivering significantly more energy than is used to drive the heat pump. A typical input- to-output ratio for a modern electrically driven heat pump is 4:1, meaning that the heat pump delivers four units of final energy for every one unit of energy it consumes, which is also known as a coefficient of performance (COP) of 4. That incremental energy delivered is considered the renewable portion of the heat pump output. For a heat pump that operates at a seasonal COP of 4, the renewable component is at least 75% (3 out of 4 units) on a final energy basis. However, the renewable share on a primary energy basis can be much lower.ii The total share of renewable energy delivered by a heat pump on a primary energy basis depends not only on the efficiency of the heat pump and its operating conditions, but also on the composition of the energy used to drive the heat pump. In addition, for electrically driven heat pumps, the overall efficiency and renewable component depends on both the generation efficiency and the primary energy source of the electricity (renewable, fossil fuel, or nuclear). When the energy source is 100% renewable, so is the output of the heat pump. Data on the global heat pump market, installed capacity, and output are fragmented and limited in scope. Recent versions of the GSR have provided estimates of global ground-source heat pump installations and output, based largely on comprehensive survey data prepared in 2010. Such surveys have been updated for Europe in 2013 but updates for other regions are not yet published. For air- and water-source heat pumps, less is known about current global capacity and output, again with the exception of Europe. The European heat pump market saw steady growth until about 2008 but has since shown relative stagnation and actually contracted overall from 2011 to 2012. Europe saw at least 0.75 million units sold in 2012, with most of the market (86%) dominated by air-source heat pumps. For use in new buildings, there is an ongoing shift from ground-source to air-source units as they improve in efficiency and economy. As new buildings become more efficient, the economics of ground-source heat pumps makes the pumps attractive for large and very large buildings, while growth is limited for single-family homes. Overall, heat pumps have achieved a relatively stable 15% share of European heating system installations. The most significant trend related to heat pumps is towards the use of hybrid systems that integrate several energy resources (such as solar thermal or biomass with heat pumps) for the range of heat applications. There is also growing interest in the use of larger-scale heat pumps for district heating as well as industrial processes. For example, Denmark has been developing the use of absorption heat pumps for district heating, the latest being a 12.5 MW plant at Sønderborg, commissioned in 2013. In neighbouring Norway, Star Refrigeration (U.K.) opened a 14 MW hydrothermal heat pump system in the municipality of Drammen in early 2014, utilising sea water for district heating. In 2009, the European Commission set out to standardise calculation of heat pump output and to define the renewable component thereof, noting first that the final energy output of any heat pump counted in this context would have to “significantly” exceed the primary energy consumed. At the time, the Commission provided a formula for calculating the renewable component of heat pump output that took into account both the operating efficiency of the heat pump itself (seasonal performance factoriii) and the average ratio of primary energy input to electricity production across the EU. This serves to standardise assumptions about the renewable energy contribution of heat pumps in Europe and to ensure that the net final energy output that is counted under these new rules will always exceed the primary energy (including primary energy in electricity generation) used to drive the heat pumps. In March 2013, the Commission issued remaining rules for applying its formula, including default values for climate-specific average equivalent full-load hours of operation and seasonal performance factors for various heat pumps. The default values resulted in a minimum COP of 2.5 for electrically driven heat pumps in 2013, well below the average value of new units. i - Also called geothermal, aerothermal, and hydrothermal sources. Ground-source heat pump applications generally rely on shallow geothermal energy (covering depths of up to 400 metres), clearly distinguished from deep geothermal (medium-to-high temperature) resources, mostly for direct use and geothermal power generation. ii - A heat pump providing four units of final energy for every one unit of energy input (COP of 4), driven by electricity from a thermal plant at 40% efficiency, provides about 1.6 units of final energy for every one unit of primary energy consumed (4/(1/0.4) = 1.6). iii - Seasonal Performance Factor (SPF) refers to the net seasonal coefficient of performance (sCOPnet) for electrically driven heat pumps or the net primary energy ratio (sPERnet) for thermally driven heat pumps, per Commission Decision of 1 March 2013 (2013/114/EU). Source: See Endnote 32 for this section.PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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