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HYDROPOWER ■■HYDROPOWER MARKETS An estimated 40GW of new hydropower capacity was commissioned in 2013, increasing total global capacity by about 4% to approximately 1,000 GW.i 1 Global hydropower generation, which varies each year with hydrological conditions, was estimated at 3,750 TWh in 2013.2 The top countries for hydropower capacity and generation remained China (260 GW / 905 TWh), Brazil (85.7 GW / 415 TWh), the United States (78.4 GW / 269 TWh), Canada (76.2 GW / 388 TWh)ii, Russia (46.7 GW / 174.7 TWh), India (43.7 GW / estimated 143 TWh), and Norway (29.3 GW / 129 TWh), together accounting for 62% of global installed capacity.3 (See Figure 10 and Reference Table R6.) An estimated 2 GW of pumped storage capacity was added in 2013, bringing the global total to 135–140 GW.iii 4 The lion’s share of all new capacity in 2013 was installed by China, with significant additions by Turkey, Brazil, Vietnam, India, and Russia.5 (See Figure 11.) China commissioned a record 29 GW, for a total of 260 GW of hydropower capacity at year’s end. Among significant milestones for China in 2013 was the start of operations at the Xiluodu plant in July, with 9.2 GW of capacity generating electricity by year’s end. Xiluodu is expected to reach full capacity (13.86 GW) by mid-2014, when it will rank as the third largest hydropower plant in the world, behind China’s Three Gorges and Brazil’s Itaipu.6 The 6.4 GW Xiangjiaba plant, also on the Jinsha River, will be China’s third largest hydropower plant when completed in 2015. By mid-2013, four 800 MW turbine-generators—reported to be the world’s largest hydroelectric units—had been installed at this facility.7 By the country’s own accounts, investment in China’s hydropower infrastructure exceeded USD 20 billion (CNY 124.6 billion) for the year.8 Chinese banks and industry have also pursued hydropower projects overseas, with a notable presence in Africa and Southeast Asia.9 Turkey continues a rapid expansion in its hydropower sector to meet significant growth in national electricity demand. After adding about 2 GW in 2012, Turkey brought another 2.9 GW on line in 2013, for a total of 22.5 GW, placing Turkey among the top 10 countries for hydropower capacity.10 Turkey’s hydropower capacity generated 59.2 TWh in 2013.11 Brazil added at least 1.53 GW and possibly as much as 2 GW in 2013, including 264 MW of small-scale hydro (<30 MW) capacity, for a year-end total of at least 85.7 GW.12 The 334 MW Simplicio plant, completed mid-year, is considered notable for its high power output relative to reservoir area.13 In addition, two run-of-river plants, both part of the Madera River complex, advanced during 2013. The first of fifty 75 MW turbines at the Jirau plant (3.75 GW) became operational and, by year’s end, the Santo Antonio plant (3.6 GW) had 22 turbines in operation. Santo Antonio was expanded from 44 to 50 bulb-type turbines to improve operational flexibility in a river characterised by great flow variability.14 These two plants exemplify a trend in Brazil away from larger reservoirs and toward run-of-river projects, driven in part by the objective of reducing land use in sensitive areas and improving project sustainability.15 The Belo Monte has also been modified to address sustainability concerns. To reduce flooded area, its reservoir capacity will be smaller than originally planned, with a firm year-round capacity of only 4.5 GW; however, it will retain a peak seasonal capability of 11.2 GW, second in Brazil only to the 14 GW Itaipu plant.16 Another significant project under way in 2013 was the Teles Pires project (1,820 MW by 2015), which overcame charges of having neglected obligatory social impact studies.17 Vietnam has developed its hydropower resources at a rapid pace in recent years. It appears that at least 1.3 GW of capacity was added in 2013, for a total of 14.2 GW installed.18 However, following earthquake damage at the Song Tranh 2 dam, as well as concerns about adverse social impacts associated with resettlements, local and central governments are taking a more measured approach to the development of additional hydropower facilities, calling for evaluations of safety at existing dams and curtailment of new hydropower development.19 Significant capacity was also added in India and Russia during 2013. India installed 0.8 GW of hydropower capacity in 2013, of which nearly 0.6 GW was in installations larger than 25 MW.20 In late 2013, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague gave a green light to India’s 330 MW Kishenganga plant, having determined that it would qualify as a run-of-river plant and thus not violate terms of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan.21 Russia may have installed as much as 3.2 GW of new turbine-generators during the year, but the net increase in installed capacity amounted to only 0.7 GW, with rehabilitation of existing facilities presumably accounting for the difference.22 Africa saw at least two projects completed during the year. Ghana’s second largest hydropower station, the 400 MW Bui plant, and Gabon’s 160 MW Grand Poubara plant both became operational in late 2013.23 These plants were built by Sinohydro (China) and financed largely by China Exim Bank.24 Meanwhile, rehabilitation started on the 350 MW Inga 1, which entered service in the early 1970s.25 There are many ageing facilities in Africa that operate below original rated power and now require refurbishment, such as ongoing work on the Kainji and Jebba plants in Nigeria.26 There is growing support for future development in Africa, and many impending new hydropower sites exist on the continent. During 2013, Alstom (France) was awarded a contract for eight 375 MW Francis turbines at the Grand Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia, a project that will total 6 GW and has raised tensions with downstream Sudan and Egypt over water rights.27 The World Bank announced funding for the Regional Rusumo Falls plant (80 MW) under its new Great Lakes Regional Initiative, with the primary aim of increasing power supply for the people of Tanzania, Rwanda, and Burundi.28 Also in 2013, a new purchase agreement between South Africa and Congo prompted an i - The GSR 2013 reported a global total of 990 GW at the end of 2012, but that figure has been revised downward by 30 GW. For additional information, see Methodological Notes, page 142, and Endnote 1 of this section. Unless otherwise specified, all capacity numbers exclude pure pumped storage capacity if possible. ii - Despite slightly lower total capacity, Canada’s baseloaded output exceeds the more load-following output in the United States. iii - Pumped hydro plants are not energy sources but means of energy storage. As such, they involve conversion losses and are powered by renewable or non-renewable electricity. Pumped storage can play an important role as balancing power, in particular for variable renewable resources. Some conventional hydropower plants also have pumping capability. RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 43 02PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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