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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS billion on more than 50 GW of renewable energy by 2032, 25 GW of which will come from CSP.22 In Israel, construction was scheduled to begin in 2014 on the first phase (121 MW) of a 250 MW CSP plant in the Negev Desert.23 Elsewhere around the world, Chile advanced towards its first commercial CSP capacity with the award of a 110 MW tower/ central receiver tender in 2013.24 In India, six of the plants being developed under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) were held back by technical, procurement and financing delays, as well as apparent errors in solar resource assessments.25 Italy’s market—hindered by regulatory challenges in the past—received a boost after the feed-in tariff introduced in December 2012 attracted licence applications for over 200 MW of new CSP capacity.26 CSP technologies are being used to support an increasing number and range of hybrid electricity generation activities and processes, and are being applied to augment steam production at coal, gas, and geothermal power plants.27 The 44 MWth Kogan Creek Solar Boost project under construction in Australia is expected to start supplementing existing coal-based steam generation when operations commence in 2015.28 In some markets, CSP continues to face challenges related to strong competition from solar PV technologies and environmental concerns, with several plants in the United States being delayed, withdrawn, or converted to solar PV.29 While global growth of CSP is expected to fall short of past projections, interest in CSP plants using TES is growing in a number of markets, where it is seen as a valuable source of renewable dispatchable electric capacity.30 Emerging markets such as Saudi Arabia and Chile have made TES mandatory for future CSP developments.31 ■■CSP INDUSTRY The industry continued expanding into new markets in 2013.32 Yet while global growth of the sector remained strong, revised projections, fed by increasing competition from declining solar PV costs, led a number of companies to close their CSP operations.33 The top companies in 2013 included Abengoa, Acciona, ACS Cobra, and Torresol Energy (all Spain); Brightsource and Solar Reserve (both United States); Schott Solar (Germany); and AREVA (France). German firm Siemens announced the closure of its CSP business after losses of USD 1 billion or more since 2011, while Schott Solar closed its 400 MW U.S. plant to focus on winning projects in the Middle East.34 As of early 2013, Abengoa Solar had the world’s largest portfolio of plants in operation or under construction, and Spanish companies continued to lead the industry with ownership interest in almost three-quarters of CSP capacity deployed around the world.35 However, the dead stop in the Spanish market pushed Spanish CSP developers further afield in search of development opportunities.36 The limitations of synthetic oils and molten salts as heat transfer media have driven research into a range of alternatives, such as superheated steam; ternary salts; graphite storage; ceramic storage; and rocks, pebbles, and slag.37 The growing potential of TES systems was showcased when the system at Spain’s Gemasolar plant enabled uninterrupted power generation for 36 consecutive days.38 A trend towards larger plants continued, as evidenced by the commencement of operations at the Ivanpah and Solana plants in the United States and by the scale of many of the plants under construction in the MENA region. Growing evidence emerged of the potential cost reductions of larger plants, relating to their ability to work at higher temperatures and achieve greater efficiencies.39 CSP costs also continue to be reduced through enhanced design and improved manufacturing and construction techniques. SHEC Energy (Canada) claimed significant reductions in materials cost through the adoption of new production technologies; the application of lightweight, high-strength materials and a proprietary structural stiffening technique; and automated, manufacturing processes to create light and strong structures.40 Research on hybrid CSP applications, and the augmentation of steam production at traditional power plants, continued in 2013. In the United States, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Idaho National Laboratory launched joint research on the augmentation of geothermal plants with CSP, while the U.S. Department of Energy pledged USD 10 million for integration of CSP at the 500 MW natural gas-fired Cosumnes Power Plant in Sacramento, California.41 52PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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