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SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING ■■SOLAR THERMAL HEATING AND COOLING MARKETS Solar thermal technologies contribute significantly to hot water production in many countries, and increasingly to space heating and cooling as well as industrial processes. In 2012i, the world added 55.4 GWth (more than 79 million m2) of solar heat capacity, increasing the cumulative installed capacity of all collector types in operation by over 14% for a year-end total of 283.4 GWth.ii 1 An estimated 53.7 GWth (almost 97%) of the market was glazed water systems and the rest was unglazed water systems mainly for swimming pool heating (3%), as well as unglazed and glazed air collector systems (<1%).2 Glazed and unglazed water systems provided an estimated 239.7 TWh (863 PJ) of heat annually.3 The vast majority of solar heat capacity is in China, which accounts for 86% of the world market and 64% of total capacity in 2012.4 (See Figure 16.) The top countries for capacity added in 2012, including both glazed and unglazed systemsiii, were China, Turkey, India, Brazil, and Germany, and the top five for total capacity in operation remained China, the United States, Germany, Turkey, and Brazil.iv 5 (See Figure 17 and Reference Table R9.) Most countries focus on glazed water collectors, with China primarily using evacuated tube water collectors (ETC), and other key markets relying mainly on flat plate (FPC). In the United States, the majority of systems use unglazed water collectors for pool heating. The only other markets of note for unglazed water collectors are Australia and Brazil.6 In 2013, an estimated 57.1 GWth (81.6 million m2) of gross capacity was added worldwide, bringing operating global solar thermal capacity to about 330 GWth (including 325.9 GWth of water collectors and an estimated 3.6 GWth of air collectors).7 (See Figure 18.) There was enough capacity by year’s end to provide approximately 276.6 TWh (996 PJ) of heat annually.8 China was again the main demand driver in 2013, adding 46.2 GWth (up 3.3% over 2012).9 A significant share (21%) of the new collectors in China replaced existing capacity, although the replacement rate was reportedly lower than in past years; approximately 36.6 GWth of newly installed capacity was additional, bringing the country’s total to 217 GWth.10 In China, solar water heaters cost far less over their lifetimes than do electric or gas water heaters—a major factor driving the market.11 China’s use of solar thermal on urban apartment buildings is expanding rapidly, and it includes roof- and façade-integrated systems. The urban sector represented nearly half of the 2013 market, with growth driven largely by green building policies and solar mandates.12 The European Union (EU-28) supports a greater diversity of uses for solar thermal heat technologies than any other market.13 In 2012, Europe’s total operating capacity was up 7.5% over 2011 to 30.2 GWth, but the annual market declined for the fourth consecutive year, down 5.8% to 2.3 GWth.14 In 2013, the region continued to account for a significant share of the capacity additions made outside of China. However, growth contracted again in many countries, constrained by lower construction and renovation rates (due in large part to the economic crisis), pressure from solar PV and heat pumps (particularly in Austria, Germany, and France), and the reduction of support policies for solar heating.15 Germany and Austria, the long-term EU leaders for total installations, both experienced marked declines. Germany remained Europe’s largest installer in 2013, adding 0.7 MWth for a total of 12.3 GWth; but this was down 11% from 2012, following a 9.4% drop in 2011.16 The Austrian market shrank about 14% in 2013, following declines of nearly 16% in 2012 and 13% in 2011.17 Over a six-year period, Brazil’s market more than doubled, with nearly 1 GWth added in 2013 for a total approaching 7 GWth.18 Demand is driven largely by the economic competitiveness of solar thermal in Brazil and by municipal building regulations and social housing programmes, such as Minha Casa, Minha Vida (“My House, My Life”), that mandate solar water heaters in new buildings for very poor families.19 Mexico is also starting to play a role, and there are very small but growing markets in Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay.20 India and Japan are the largest Asian markets outside of China. India added 0.9 GWth during 2013 for a year-end total of 5.2 GWth.21 Japan’s market was stable during 2012 and 2013, at about 0.1 GWth per year, but cumulative capacity is declining due to decommissioning of old systems.22 After Thailand’s five years of steady growth, driven by the national incentive programme and rising fuel prices, the market for subsidised systems declined 28% in 2013.23 The drop is considered to be a direct result of Thailand’s new solar PV programme, which drew investment away from solar heating.24 Turkey, the United States, and Australia continue to be important markets; as of publication, however, data for 2013 were not available. In 2012, Turkey added 1.1 GWth to end the year with 10.8 GWth and retain its fourth place ranking for total operating capacity.25 The market was down relative to a spike in 2011, but is generally quite stable even without government incentives.26 About 60% of all unglazed water collectors operate in the United States, where an estimated 30,000 swimming pool systems are installed annually.27 While the country continues to rank second for total collector area, with 16.2 GWth at the end of 2012 (14.3 GWth of which is unglazed), it placed sixth for additions that year (0.7 GWth).28 Some U.S. states have set solar thermal carve- outs in their renewable portfolio standards (RPS), or allow electric utilities to meet RPS requirements with solar water heating systems.29 Australia added an estimated 0.6 GWth during 2012 (71% unglazed), for a year-end total of 5.1 GWth (59% unglazed).30 A large share of Australian households heats water with solar thermal systems, with the highest number in New South Wales. By early 2013, more than 630,000 systems were in operation.31 In the Middle East, Israel leads for total capacity (with about 85% of households using solar water heaters), followed by Jordan and Lebanon.32 Solar thermal systems are used to heat water in i - The year 2012 is the most recent one for which firm global data and most country statistics are available. ii - Data include air collectors. Gross (including replacements) water heating collector capacity additions in 2012 were 55.4 GWth, for a year-end total of 281.7 GWth. iii - Starting with this edition, the GSR covers both glazed and unglazed water systems throughout. For more details, see Methodological Notes, page 142. iv -Note that the 2012 data in Figure 18 are total installations of water collectors and include replacement capacity, which accounts for a large share of China’s additions. In 2013, for example, about 21% of China’s additions (9.6 GWth) were to replace existing capacity. 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