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02 MARKET AND INDUSTRY TRENDS TABLE 2. STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES: CHARACTERISTICS AND COSTS TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS Plant size: <1 to >250 MW Capacity factor: 23–29% CAPITAL COSTS USD / kW 5,290–5,870 TYPICAL ENERGY COSTS LCOE – U.S. cents / kWh POWER GENERATION Bio-power from solid biomass (including co-firing and organic MSW) Plant size: 1–200 MW Conversion efficiency: 25–35% Capacity factor: 50–90% 800–4,500 Co-fire: 200–800 4–20 Co-fire: 4.0–12 Bio-power from gasification Plant size: 1–40 MW Conversion efficiency: 30–40% Capacity factor: 40–80% 2,050–5,500 6–24 Bio-power from anaerobic digestion Geothermal power Hydropower: Grid-based Plant size: 1–20 MW Conversion efficiency: 25–40% Capacity factor: 50–90% Plant size: 1–100 MW Capacity factor: 60–90% Plant size: 1 MW–18,000+ MW Plant type: reservoir, run-of-river Capacity factor: 30–60% Biogas: 500–6,500 Landfill gas: 1,900–2,200 Condensing flash: 1,900–3800 Binary: 2,250–5,500 Projects >300 MW: 1,000–2,250 Projects 20–300 MW: 750–2,500 Projects <20 MW: 750–4,000 Biogas: 6–19 Landfill gas: 4–6.5 Condensing flash: 5–13 Binary: 7–14 Projects >20 MW: 2–12 Projects <20 MW: 3–23 Hydropower: Off-grid/rural Ocean power: Tidal range Plant size: 0.1–1,000 kW Plant type: run-of-river, hydrokinetic, diurnal storage 1,175–6,000 5–40 21–28 Solar PV: Rooftop Peak capacity: 3–5 kW (residential); 100 kW (commercial); 500 kW (industrial) Capacity factor: 10–25% (fixed tilt) Residential costs: 2,200 (Germany); 3,500–7,000 (United States); 4,260 (Japan); 2,150 (China); 3,380 (Australia); 2,400–3,000 (Italy) Commercial costs: 3,800 (United States); 2,900–3,800 (Japan) 21–44 (OECD) 28–55 (non-OECD) 16–38 (Europe) Solar PV: Ground-mounted utility-scale Peak capacity: 2.5–250 MW Capacity factor: 10–25% (fixed tilt) Conversion efficiency: 10–30% (high end is CPV) 1,200–1,950 (typical global); as much as 3,800 including Japan. Averages: 2,000 (United States); 1,710 (China); 1,450 (Germany); 1,510 (India) 12–38 (OECD) 9–40 (non-OECD) 14–34 (Europe) Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) Wind: Onshore Types: parabolic trough, tower, dish Plant size: 50–250 MW (trough); 20–250 MW (tower); 10–100 MW (Fresnel) Capacity factor: 20–40% (no storage); 35–75% (with storage) Turbine size: 1.5–3.5 MW Capacity factor: 25–40% Trough, no storage: 4,000–7,300 (OECD); 3,100–4,050 (non-OECD) Trough, 6 hours storage: 7,100–9,800 Tower: 5,600 (United States, without storage) 9,000 (United States, with storage) 925–1,470 (China and India) 1,500–1,950 (elsewhere) Trough and Fresnel: 19–38 (no storage); 17–37 (6 hours storage) Tower: 12.5–16.4 (United States; high end of range is with storage) 4–16 (OECD) 4–16 (non-OECD) Wind: Offshore Turbine size: 1.5–7.5 MW Capacity factor: 35–45% 4,500–5,500 15–23 Wind: Small-scale Turbine size: up to 100 kW Average 6,040 (United States); 1,900 (China) 15–20 (United States) TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS INSTALLED COSTS OR LCOE USD / kW or U.S. cents / kWh DISTRIBUTED RENEWABLE ENERGY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Biogas digester Biomass gasifier Digester size: 6–8 m3 Size: 20–5,000 kW Unit cost: USD 612 / unit (Asia); USD 886 / unit (Africa) LCOE: 8–12 Solar home system System size: 20–100 W LCOE: 160–200 Household wind turbine Turbine size: 0.1–3 kW Capital cost: 10,000 / kW (1 kW turbine); 5,000 / kW (5 kW); 2,500 / kW (250 kW) LCOE: 15–35+ Village-scale mini-grid System size: 10–1,000 kW LCOE: 25–100 64PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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