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revised their permitting processes. In 2013, Chile passed regulations to fast-track the process for renewable energy permitting from 700 to 150 days.107 France revised a number of wind permitting procedures; while Turkey revised electricity licensing procedures.108 In the United States, two separate pieces of legislation were adopted to streamline the permitting process for renewables, including refining regulatory oversight procedures and raising from 5 MW to 10 MW the maximum capacity for small-scale hydropower plant classification.109 In addition, the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) approved guidelines to allow for a “fast-track” inter- connection process for certain renewable systems up to 5 MW in size, eliminating the need for them to undergo extensive interconnection studies.110 In an effort to balance utility concerns over idle generation capacity and inadequate transmission infrastructure, Gujarat, India, enacted new regulations restricting independent grid access—guaranteed in the Electricity Act of 2003 to consumers with a demand greater than or equal to 1 MW—by removing the ability of state distribution companies to enter into private power purchase agreements (PPAs) with out-of-state energy providers.111 ■■HEATING AND COOLING POLICIES Globally, heating and cooling account for almost half of total global energy demand.112 Modern biomass, direct geothermal, and solar thermal technologies together represent a major portion of the energy produced with non-hydro renewables, and offer vast potential for meeting the world’s residential, commercial, and industrial heating and cooling needs. As a result, countries continued to enact targets, policies, and incentives for the promotion of renewable heating and cooling technologies during 2013. However, this sector still lags far behind the renewable power sector for attention from policymakers. The 28 EU Member States have introduced targets for specific shares of renewable heating and cooling. In addition, several countries in Africa, Europe, and the Middle East target the use of solar water heating.i 113 Overall, renewable heating and cooling targets exist in at least 41 countries worldwide (see Reference Table R14), and at least 19 countries have heat obligations/ mandates in place at the national or state/provincial level to promote the use of renewable heat technologies. As in 2012, policy adoption was relatively slow in the heat sector, but a few countries and states enacted new standards for renewable heat in 2013 and early 2014. Albania mandated the use of renewable heat technologies in new buildings, requiring that certain building types be constructed with a minimum share (to be defined by May 2014) of solar thermal heat. In addition, solar thermal systems and components were exempted from customs duties and VAT.114 Half a world away, the Australian standards body introduced the world’s first solar cooling standard in late 2013 to establish product performance benchmarks.115 India’s Energy Conservation Building Code was extended to two additional states in 2013, so that it now mandates standards for renewable energy and energy efficiency in 8 of the 28 Indian states.116 (See Sidebar 8.) Revisions to existing regulatory policies for heating and cooling were made by the Netherlands, which introduced technology- differentiated FIP tariffs to support the generation of heat from biogas, solid biomass, deep-geothermal, and solar thermal; and by the United Kingdom, which introduced a tariff degression mechanism to its feed-in policy for renewable heat, and began reducing rates as of mid-2013.117 Several countries, mostly in Europe, provide fiscal incentives, including grants and investment subsidies, to promote investment in renewable heating and cooling technologies. Austria doubled its subsidies for solar thermal systems to USD192/kWth (EUR140/kWth) to cover up to 30% of the costs of installation.118 Cyprus reinstated a solar heating and cooling support programme, following its expiration in 2012, to provide investment subsidies in the form of grants of up to USD 4,129 / kWth (3,000 EUR / kWth).119 The Czech Republic launched its New Green Savings programme to provide grants for up to 40% of the cost of installing a solar thermal system.120 Germany extended incentives to a host of renewable and efficient heating and cooling technologies—including solar thermal cooling, industrial waste heat, cogeneration, and district heating—to cover 25% of the investment costs for systems ranging from 5 kW to 500 kWth.121 Italy’s Conto Termico incentive scheme came into force in early 2013 to provide capital incentives to renewable heat technologies, including biomass boilers, solar thermal systems, and also heat pumps.122 At the regional level, Wallonia, Belgium, introduced grants to cover 30–35% of the costs of installing renewable heating systems in buildings.123 Elsewhere, Australia provided national grants to municipal governments for the installation of solar and heat pump systems for water heating; India introduced a two-year rebate program to support solar hot water and solar process heat installations; Puerto Rico established a program to fully fund the replacement of conventional water heaters with solar thermal for low-income families; and Thailand extended subsidies for solar water heaters (SWH) to 2021, and set out a plan for a gradual degression from the current 25% subsidy.124 Additional forms of financial support, such as public investment, were introduced or revised during the year. South Africa i - The 28 EU Member States all have targets for renewable heating and cooling in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans. Additional countries include Bhutan, China, India, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Thailand, and Uganda. RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 83 04PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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