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renewable energy and avoiding high network charges.163 At least 190 German communities have bought back their local grids since 2005.164 In the United States, Boulder, Colorado, formed a municipal utility to reduce electric rates while increasing the share of renewables, thereby joining more than 1,000 U.S. communities with municipally owned utilities that collectively serve 50 million U.S. customers.165 U.S. cities with already-established locally owned utilities continued to adopt or revise feed-in tariffs to reach existing renewable electricity targets and complement state-level renewable portfolio standards. As part of its strategy to move away from coal-fired power, Los Angeles is deploying 350 MW of solar power capacity through a combination of a FIT and a request for proposals that was launched in 2013.166 Palo Alto, California, reduced its FIT programme size, but raised its tariff for solar PV by more than 15%, and implemented a plan to supply carbon-neutral electricity for all customers starting in 2013.167 Fort Collins, Colorado, launched a solar FIT for commercial customers.168 Japanese cities have started to set up community-owned electric utilities through public-private partnerships to advance renewables. In 2012, Shizuoka created a local electric utility that launched renewable community power projects in 2013 through a micro-citizens fund of around USD 200,000 (JPY 20 million) with 204 community investors. Similarly, Odawara created a local utility that became operational in 2013, and Fukushima launched a fund in early 2014 to support local renewable electricity projects.169 Several cities without municipal utilities work with state and national governments to advance regulatory frameworks to enable the procurement of bulk purchases of renewable electricity by local residents and businesses through the existing transmission and distribution system. Sydney, Australia, released 15 recommendations for regulatory reform to enable the sharing of excess renewable energy (both electricity and thermal energy) amongst city buildings.170 In the United States, six states had legislated Community Choice Aggregationi (CCA) policies by late 2013.171 Chicago adopted CCA in late 2012, and by 2013 it had aggregated nearly 1 million energy customers for its no nuclear/no coal contract, reducing its expected CO2 emissions by 16% that year.172 At least four other U.S. cities switched to CCA in 2013, and more than 30 cities initiated the process.173 In India, Gandhinagar initiated a 5 MW rooftop solar PV programme based on a state FIT, and, as of early 2014, Bhavnagar, Mehsana, Rajkot, Surat, and Vadodara were awaiting approval for tenders totalling 25 MW each of rooftop solar PV.174 Port Elizabeth became the first municipality in South Africa to adopt net metering for local small-scale renewable systems.175 Other cities are leading by example, setting targets to power their municipal operations or deploying renewable installations on their own buildings. In 2013, Guntur and Sriperumpudur in India installed renewable energy systems to help meet their targets to reduce fossil fuel consumption, and Aurangabad established targets to do the same.176 In the United States, Kansas City, Missouri, signed a deal to install solar PV panels on 80 city buildings for their own use; Yolo County, California, generated 13.5 million kWh (152% of its electricity demand) using on-site solar PV; and Austin, Texas, achieved its own- use target, purchasing renewable energy credits to power city facilities with 100% renewable electricity.177 Sydney is installing the largest building-mounted solar PV system (1.25 MW) in Australia on municipal buildings, a step that is expected to reduce annual carbon emissions by up to 2,250 tonnes; and the town of Palmerston North in New Zealand began constructing a 100 kW solar PV system, the largest in the country, on its administration building to generate 10% of its power demand.178 Ameland in the Netherlands launched a local smart grid that relies on micro-CHP fuel cells; the fuel cells, which began to come on line in late 2013, can be modulated to meet peak loads and balance variable wind and solar generation.179 In the building sector, local governments and communities continued to set low or zero-energy or -carbon emission targets, reform building codes, and revise permitting and land- use policies to incorporate renewable energy requirements. Shanghai, China, is piloting green energy policies and business models for near-zero emission buildings as part of its low-carbon development plan.180 In Jakarta, Indonesia, a new green building code became mandatory in early 2013.181 Bhubaneswar, India, amended its planning and building standards, making it compulsory for large buildings to install rooftop solar PV.182 The city also joined Bangalore, Pune, and Hyderabad in adopting the national rating system for green buildings in urban regulations.183 In the United States during 2013, Lancaster and Sebastopol in California passed zoning ordinances requiring at least 1–1.5 kW of solar PV to be installed on all new buildings on lots above a specified minimum size.184 Under the European Commission's POLIS research programme, six European cities have developed guidelines for maximising the potential of solar energy in urban buildings.184 To reduce upfront investment costs of renewable energy systems, many cities are facilitating property owners’ access to low-cost, long-term financing and/or using city billing systems. Cape Town, South Africa, launched a residential solar water heater (SWH) programme through which accredited suppliers can partner with financial institutions to offer loans to residents for newly installed systems.186 Ontario became the third Canadian jurisdiction, after Yukon and Nova Scotia, to authorise using a local improvement charge (LIC) financing tool whereby cities offer low-interest financing to property owners for energy i - CCAs allow a city or a consortium of towns and cities to aggregate the electricity loads of residents, businesses, and municipal facilities and to negotiate electric supply contracts on their behalf. RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 87 04PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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