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Formal targets remain a fundamental building block of initiatives seeking to expand energy access using renewable energy. Countries with electrification targets include Bangladesh, Botswana, China, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, the Marshall Islands, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia. (See Reference Table R20.) Several countries set new targets for electrification and clean cooking in 2013. For example, China announced plans to provide electricity to the remaining 2.7 million people without access by the end of 2015. Approximately 1.5 million of these people will be supplied with electricity through grid extension, and the others through local solar PV power stations.59 Ghana was the first country to join the SE4ALL initiative, with a goal to achieve 100% access by 2020 (10 years ahead of the SE4ALL target). Currently, 35% of Ghana’s population (more than 6.2 million people) still lacks access to electricity.60 In 2013, Fiji also set a target of 100% access to clean cooking fuels and stoves (up from the current 82%) by 2015.61 However, deployment of small-scale subsidised projects has contributed only marginally to increasing energy access—due primarily to high transaction costs, a lack of long-term strategy, and a focus on meeting only basic energy needs.62 Thus, it is now widely accepted that electrification programmes should involve a package of dedicated activities for promoting productive uses of electricity if the goal is to significantly increase the incomes of target populations.63 Further, the active participation of local residents and capacity building of local and national organisations and agencies is now recognised as being crucial for the successful implementation of decentralised energy solutions.64 To this end, several countries are actively engaging local people in energy planning and decision making, promoting energy literacy, and investing in capacity building of local and national organisations and agencies.65 Nepal, for example, has emphasized community mobilisation, sustainable rural energy development, and advancement of institutional and human resources, with efforts to increase public awareness and develop human capacity through micro-hydro-related training and workshops.66 Although the majority of policies enacted to date have focussed on electrification, many developing countries have also adopted programmes focussed on improving cooking and heating systems as part of their efforts to achieve 100% energy access. In Latin America and the Caribbean, where several countries have achieved or are close to full electricity access, emphasis is turning to the cooking and heating sector.67 Honduras, for example, includes the dissemination of clean cook- stoves in its national Scaling up Renewable Energy programme, which aims to transform the clean cookstove market by enabling FFigiguurree31. SharreooffPPopouplualtaiotinownitwhitEhleEctlreicittryicAitcyceAscsc, eanssd,Raantde oRfaEtlecotfrifiEcleactitornifivc. aPtoiopnulavteiorsnuGsroPwotphulation Growth % 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 + 8.2 + 6.8 Source: See Endnotes 1 and 3 for this section. Growth in total population Growth in population electrified Population electrified by 2013 + 3.5 + 2.3 + 4.3 + 2.6 + 3.0 + 1.5 Africa 43% Developing Asia 83% Latin America 95% Middle East 91% RENEWABLES 2014 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 97 05PDF Image | About ElectraTherm
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