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6. Modelling A mathematical model must include each part of the system, i.e. an adsorber, condenser and evaporator [22]. The model describes heat transfer between these devices and mass transfer inside the adsorber. In the case of the adsorber, heat balance for the adsorbent, the wall of the apparatus and the heat transport medium, as well as mass balance and momentum balance for gas phase must be written separately for an adsorption and desorption phase [17, 19, 22, 24]. The condenser and evaporator are described by the heat balance [22]. If an impact of the heat source on the work of the cooling system is to be determined, efficiency and temperature changes of an external heat source must also be described using appropriate relations [17, 19]. Due to the fact that mass transfer rate must be implemented in the balance equations, it is necessary to determine the kinetics model describing the rate of the refrigerant transfer between the gas phase and the surface of the adsorbent. The Linear Driving Force model (LDF) may be used for this purpose [23]. 7. Application Depending on the desired temperature, the use of adsorption cooling systems can be divided into three categories [2]: air conditioning (8-15°C), refrigeration for food, vaccines and medicines storage (0-8°C), freezing and ice making (< 0°C). There is a heavy demand for air conditioning in industrialized countries, particularly in big cities in the summer. Solar collectors connected with an adsorption cooling device may be used for air conditioning purposes. Prototypes of such systems already exist. They are designed for the use in trade, servicing and industrial buildings and also in vegetable, fruit and grain depots [11, 16, 25, 26]. Besides these prototypes described in the literature, there are also adsorption coolers driven by solar energy which are used in commercial buildings. Japan and the USA are the leaders in this area [11], however, in Europe the market of these devices is also developing and they can be found in real buildings like hospitals or factories [11]. To a large extent it is a result of such programmes as Climasol or Solair [26, 27]. The adsorption air conditioning systems driven by waste heat which comes from e.g. automobile exhaust gases or industrial processes, are also under development. Because adsorption cooling devices have large volume and mass, nowadays they can be used only in locomotives, boats, buses and trucks [11, 12] or in industrial buildings in which a lot of waste heat is produced, e.g. in chemical, steel or power plants [10]. The need for preservation of food products such as vegetables, fruit, milk and meat, in order to extend their availability on the periods in which they are not produced, opens another field for the application of adsorption cooling systems, especially those which are driven by solar energy [25, 28]. Such systems can also be used for medicines and vaccines storage [28]. Their work can be based on blowing the cold dry air produced by the device into the space to be cooled when the temperature inside rises [26]. The product which is cooled plays the role of a cold storage material. Another promising way of application of adsorption chillers is freezing and ice making. In this case the temperature must be below 0°C, so heat sources must have higher temperatures 67PDF Image | ADSORPTION COOLING AS WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
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