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Australian Geothermal Energy Conference 2011 Project Years Rock type Depth Temperature of reservoir Falkenberg Germany 78‐85 granite 250 13 Hachimantai, Japan 83‐88 granodiorite 400 60 Fjalbacka, Sweden 84‐89 granite 500 15 Ogachi, Japan 89‐01 tonalite 1000 250 Basel, Switzerland Granite 4500 180 Bad Urach, Germany 06‐08 Granite gneiss 4500 180 Jolokia 1 09‐10 granite 4500 265 Table 2: EGS projects with successful stimulation (no production reported), from Doone Wyborn (August 2011). subsequent acidisation treatment. Well productivity index was increased from 2.4 m3/(hr.MPa) before stimulation to 10.1 m3/(hr.MPa) by hydraulic fracturing, and to around 15 m3/(hr.MPa) by acidisation (Zimmermann et al., 2010, quote this later number as tentative). Following the stimulation, the flow rate was around 16 kg/sec. A hydraulic stimulation at Berlin, El Salvador, was into volcanic rocks (not granite) and has been described by Rivas and Torres (2003). Injectivity was improved only modestly, from 0.67 to 0.84 kg/(sec.bar) (0.24 to 0.30 m3/(hr.MPa)). Microseismicity was observed, but was not major. Although EGS developments continue to show promise, there remain several technological advances to be made. The MIT Report (Tester et al., 2007) made projections of EGS penetration into the US energy mix, based among other things on a flow rate per well of around 80 kg/sec (l/s). An examination of Table 1 shows that only one EGS project (Landau) has achieved such a flow rate. Improvement of well production rates will be dependent of making more connections in the reservoir, by better control of the fracturing process, for example by use of diverting agents to produce multiple fractures (Petty et al., 2011). Such efforts are ongoing. Conclusion Geothermal energy has undergone a renaissance over the past ten years, as many new technologies and new countries have joined the industry. The use of innovative hybrid plants, lower resource temperatures and enhanced reservoir stimulation has made geothermal energy accessible in a much wider variety of places. Acknowledgements The author would like to thank those who granted permission for the inclusion of their results, diagrams and photographs in this paper. References Y. Alvarenga, S. Handal, and M. Recinos, “Solar Steam Booster in the Ahuachapán Geothermal Field,” Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, Vol. 32, 2008, 395-399. Ruggero Bertani, “Geothermal Power Generation in the World, 2005–2010 Update Report,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010. Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), Annual U.S. Geothermal Power Production and Development Report, April 2011. http://www.geo- energy.org Bin Gong, Hongbin Liang, Shouliang Xin, and Kewen Li, “Effect of Water Injection on Reservoir Temperature during Power Generation in Oil Fields,” Thirty-Sixth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 31 - February 2, 2011. Andrew D. Greenhut, Jefferson W. Tester, Ronald DiPippo, Randall Field, Christopher Love, Kenneth Nichols, Chad Augustine, Fausto Batini, Bill Price, Gianluca Gigliucci, Irene Fastelli, “Solar-Geothermal Hybrid Cycle Analysis for Low Enthalpy Solar and Geothermal Resources,” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010. 113PDF Image | Alaska Geothermal Conference
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