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temperatures in the upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface hold nearly constant between 50 and 60 degrees Fahrenheit. For most areas, this means that soil temperatures are usually warmer than the air in winter and cooler than the air in summer. Geothermal heat pumps use the Earth's constant temperatures to heat and cool buildings. They transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings in winter and reverse the process in the summer. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), geothermal heat pumps are the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective systems for temperature control. Although, most homes still use traditional furnaces and air conditioners, geothermal heat pumps are becoming more popular. In recent years, the U.S. Department of Energy along with the EPA have partnered with industry to promote the use of geothermal heat pumps. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT The environmental impact of geothermal energy depends on how it is being used. Direct use and heating applications have almost no negative impact on the environment. Geothermal power plants do not burn fuel to generate electricity, so their emission levels are very low. They release less than 1 percent of the carbon dioxide emissions of a fossil fuel plant. Geothermal plants use scrubber systems to clean the air of hydrogen sulfide that is naturally found in the steam and hot water. Geothermal plants emit 97 percent less acid rain - causing sulfur compounds than are emitted by fossil fuel plants. After the steam and water from a geothermal reservoir have been used, they are injected back into the earth. Geothermal features in national parks, such as geysers and fumaroles in Yellowstone National Park, are protected by law, to prevent the land from being disturbed. Last Revised: July 2008 Sources: Adapted from the National Energy Education Development Project, Intermediate Energy Infobook, 2006. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Annual 2006, November 2007. Energy Information Administration, State Electricity Profiles 2006, November 2007. Energy Information Administration, Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, November 2007. Office of Geothermal Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, "Geothermal Heat Pumps Make Sense for Homeowners," DOE/GO- 10098-651, April 1999. EIA Main Home Page • Related Links • Kid's Page Privacy • Contact UsPDF Image | Artificial Geothermal Reservoirs in hot volcanic rock
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