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increasing with global economic growth, energy price hikes, rising demand in China and other emerging economies, and fluctuating exchange rates (Datamonitor, 2008). Components. A heat recovery steam generator—a network of steel tubes boiling water—is central to recovering waste heat, while a combustion device such as a boiler is needed to recover waste gases. These devices are closely coupled with a prime mover, which provides rotational energy to the generator. Typically, in projects that recover high-grade waste heat such as that from steel or cement making, the prime mover is a steam turbine. Steam turbines are recognized as the most cost-effective, and they have the advantage of flexibility in choice of fuel source. However, for less heat-intensive processes (under 700 degrees F) an organic Rankine cycle turbine is very effective (Leibowitz, 2007). This technology is currently more widely applied in Europe than in the United States, although growing U.S. attention to energy recycling suggests that increasing support is likely in the near future. This may help bring costs more in line with traditional approaches (Neveu, 2009). Project elements. Recycling industrial waste energy typically requires several outside parties to put together a project, encompassing design, financing, construction and engineering, and in some cases, operation and management of the on-site power plant. A wide range of companies offer one or more of the elements required to develop a CHP project on behalf of a business, university or industrial client. These include, but are not limited to, the following: • Finance providers – Examples include Denham Capital Management; GT Environmental Finance; Cooper Capital Partners; American Industrial Partners • Consulting/engineering or “Engineer Procure Construct” firms – These companies do turnkey installations (performing all necessary design, engineering and construction). Examples are Carter & Burgess Inc., McBurney Corporation, Johnson Controls, and ORMAT Technologies Inc., a company that specializes in recovering energy with lower heat values than is typical of steam turbine applications. • Industrial firms and utilities – Some large industrial firms including BP, Dow, and Chevron develop projects for their own operations and for clients. Also, some utilities have non-regulated arms that add alternative energy-derived power to their portfolios by recycling waste energy. Examples include DTE Energy and NRG Energy. • Project developers – firms that, in addition to performing the “Engineer Procure Construct” role described above, do all the other complex steps necessary to complete a project, including acquiring land if necessary, securing the waste energy source, applying for environmental and local permits, negotiating power purchase agreements, and presenting the project at community hearings if needed (Ganga, 2009). Project developers include Primary Energy/EPCOR USA, Recycled Energy Development (RED), Veolia, and Integral Power LLC (see value chain in Figure 3). 8PDF Image | Carbon-Reducing Technologies and U.S.
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