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20-30 jobs, or 20% of the plant workforce, are attributable to the resulting cost savings and increased competitiveness with overseas silicon producers (Recycled Energy Development, 2008a). Industrial Waste Energy Recycling Market According to Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), the current generating capacity of all U.S. CHP systems is 85 gigawatts (GW) or nearly 9% of total electric capacity. However, because it has a higher utilization factor, CHP in 2006 (the latest year data are available) accounted for almost 12% of total U.S. power generated. While this is a significant achievement, several other countries derive a much higher share of their energy portfolios from CHP. Those that have actively encouraged CHP in their energy and regulatory policy include Denmark, where CHP accounts for 51% of electricity production, Finland, (39%), Russia (31%), and the Netherlands (29%) (International Energy Agency (IEA), 2008). Within CHP, the picture for industrial waste energy applications is not well documented, although there is general agreement that it is vastly underused in the United States and elsewhere. Many manufacturers are aware that their processes are wasting recoverable energy, but capturing these opportunities requires a complex set of steps that lie outside most industrial facilities’ core activities (see “Project Elements” on page 8). Perhaps most important, these energy projects require substantial capital investment. While they promise an attractive, steady return, it is only after a multi-year period, and many firms and investors require a much shorter return timeframe. The current global financial crisis makes it even more difficult to raise sufficient capital. An additional important barrier to all applications of CHP is the web of U.S. regulatory policies that favor inefficient centralized power production and penalize or block decentralized alternatives such as CHP. For example, the sale of electricity presents a challenge; in many states, an entrepreneur who generates power for a host facility is forbidden to sell the power to a third party (Sears, 2009). Even well-intentioned environmental legislation can be a barrier. The Clean Air Act, for instance, inadvertently penalizes investments in efficiency. Many environmental regulations, by ignoring how much useful energy a plant produces, fail to reward efficiency (T. R. Casten & Munson, 2009). Government steps to provide financial incentives and to remove regulatory and other policy barriers are crucial to expanding the market for waste energy recycling systems so that they can take their place among other promising energy technologies. A useful example of expanding energy markets is the wind energy industry. Total U.S. wind power generating capacity grew by a full 50% in 2008—to 25 GW—injecting $17 billion into the economy. The share of domestically manufactured wind turbine components also grew to about 50%, up from 30% just three years before, creating 13,000 new direct jobs in just one year (American Wind Energy 11PDF Image | Carbon-Reducing Technologies and U.S.
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