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A‐ APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................................82 A‐1 Computer model..........................................................................................................................................82 A‐2 Definition of terms.......................................................................................................................................90 Figures: Figure 1: Normal ORC T‐S diagram ........................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2: Variable phase turbine blades in comparison with normal turbine blades. ............................................ 6 Figure 3: ORC market share for different heat sources ........................................................................................... 8 Figure 4: Combined heat and power plant using ORC in combination with Biomass combustion system ........... 13 Figure 5: Combined heat and power production using gasification and internal combustion engines ................ 14 Figure 6: Comparison of ORC and gasification based combined heat and power plant based on initial cost....... 15 Figure 7: ORC and gasification based combined heat and power comparison in return of investment based on current value. ............................................................................................................................... .......................... 16 Figure 8: Layout of biomass digestion plant waste heat recovery......................................................................... 18 Figure 9: Hybrid solar and gas driven combined heat and power cycle with ORC ................................................ 20 Figure 10: Electricity price for a 5kW micro ORC system (1Ct means 0.01 €/KWh) .............................................. 21 Figure 11: Small scale solar – ORC desalination unit.............................................................................................. 23 Figure 12: ORC as bottoming cycle of a micro gas turbine .................................................................................... 24 Figure 13: Typical binary geothermal plant and its ORC unit................................................................................. 26 Figure 14: Steel industry typical waste heat sources and their potential .............................................................. 32 Figure 15: Cost effective application of ORC in three waste heat recovery applications ...................................... 35 Figure 16: ORC in vehicles ............................................................................................................................... ....... 36 Figure 17: Gas turbine as bottoming cycle of fuel cell ........................................................................................... 40 Figure 18: Solid Oxide fuel cell, ORC Trigeneration system possible lay out ......................................................... 42 Figure 19: Waste heat recovery from Solid Oxide fuel cell to reform fuel for Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. ............................................................................................................................... ......................................... 43 Figure 20: ORC usage in Gas‐cooled nuclear power plant with closed Brayton cycle. .......................................... 46 Figure 21: Solar based ORC general sketch. ........................................................................................................... 48 Figure 22: Superheating effect on total efficiency and work out put .................................................................... 51 Figure 23: Turbine and expander selection based on power range....................................................................... 57 Figure24: A‐ Normal boiler system B‐ Boiler system with possibility of wet vapor outlet .......................... 64 Figure 25: ORC in CHP system................................................................................................................................67 Figure 26: Solar ORC...............................................................................................................................................68 Figure 27: Effect of collector temperature on system performance ..................................................................... 70 Figure 28: ORC for cooling devices ......................................................................................................................... 73 Figure 29: Evaporation and pre‐heating processes................................................................................................ 74 Figure 30: Wet, Isentropic and dry fluid................................................................................................................. 92 Figure 31: Blade shape of radial inflow turbine ..................................................................................................... 93 Figure 32: Radial outflow turbine........................................................................................................................... 93 2PDF Image | Exergy
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