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2 Biomass related applications of ORC, rather higher grade heat applications Due to high availability of Biomass as solid fuel for power generation, this option has been increasingly under development. Rather proper part and full load efficiency at small scale biomass based power generation plants attracts attention for ORC usage. Moreover, ORC cycle acts more economically in smaller powers since less safety measures are applied at lower powers and temperatures. As a result, Biomass based ORC has a large market share of the technology beside Geothermal and waste heat recovery applications. Biomass based ORC differs in some aspects with usual known ORCs and this requires accurate and elaborative study on the subject. Boilers in biomass applications are heated up to 450°C and 60 – 70 bars which require expensive materials in design of equipment. When ORC is used in the system, biomass boilers are heated up to 300°C which are less costly than normal biomass boilers. However, this is rather high temperature in ORCs. This will give a great opportunity of using the system as combined heat and power cycle which will be discussed later. Cooling side of condenser in biomass applications can be used in district heating systems as heat supply. This makes another difference with normally practiced ORC applications since the temperature of condenser may reach up to 100°C. Carnot efficiency for typical biomass based ORC with heat source temperature of about 300°C and heat sink temperature of 100°C is about 35% which means that this application has higher potential for thermal efficiencies in comparison with normal ORCs with Carnot efficiencies of usually about less than 25%. One important restriction is the maximum allowable working temperatures of about 400°C. In these high temperatures working fluids are prone for dissociation and instability due to chemical reactions in working fluids which occur in high temperatures. Furthermore, the maximum pressure in Biomass ORC is normally kept bellow 20 bars to avoid expensive safety measures and materials. If large amount of heat is available, superheating will be the solution to keep the higher pressure of system bellow 20 bars. In ORC applications better efficiencies are when less superheat is done and reasonable higher evaporation temperature and pressure are selected. This will be well discussed in (SectionΙΙ: chapter 1). To keep the superheat in an acceptable range, the system should be optimized for maximum pressure (SectionΙΙ: Chapter 1), of section and for biomass based operations, around 20 bars is normally suggested. For biomass based ORC applications, using Alkylbenzenes family and specially Butylbenzene as working fluid are assumed to give best efficiency. 11PDF Image | Exergy
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