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6 ORC as bottoming cycle in combined power cycles In this section, ORC as bottoming cycle of gas turbine with lower exhaust temperature than usual will be discussed. The gas turbine as top cycle can be recuperative gas turbine or a gas turbine with large pressure ratios and low temperature exhaust. Normally the bottoming cycle of gas turbine is Rankine cycle. This cycle have good combination with gas turbine, high efficiency and well known equipment and processes. If the gas turbine exhaust temperature is rather low, ORC and Kalina cycle will be selected. Since Kalina is not economically viable now, ORC will be the first selection since they are currently commercially obtainable. One significant advantages of ORC and gas turbine is that they can compete with high temperature exhaust gas turbine even if the temperature is lower, hence this will give the opportunity to have gas turbines with lower turbine inlet temperature, less combustion temperature and consequently less NOx production, manufacturing and operational cost. Gas turbine will be cheaper since less resistant material and cooling methods will be necessary. Regarding the working fluid, it should be a dry one (See section A‐2 for definition of dry fluid), stable at related temperature range and meet the limitations of minimum and maximum cycle pressures. Toluene and Cyclohexane are among best options in this special application of ORC since they give rather proper efficiency. Toluene will give better heat recovery in economizer due to closer temperature line with heat source and gains a little more efficiency. Cyclohexane is less sensitive to top cycle temperatures, but is a bit more expensive and needs larger heat recovery vapor generator which is the most expensive part in the cycle. Security to control the flammability and toxicity of these working fluids shall be considered carefully although bottom cycles maximum temperature should be far from ignition point of these fluids (R. Chacartegui, . Sánchez, J.M. Muñoz, T. Sánchez, 2009). Considering less than 500$/KW for gas turbine and 2000$/KWe for ORC, electricity price of 100$/MW and fuel cost of 38$/MW the payback time will be less than 7 years and internal rate of return is more than 0.15 which makes the system economically feasible. The calculated values are related to a recuperated gas turbine with top cycle and bottom cycle power ratios of about 3 and inlet temperature of about 1000°C for gas turbine. More ORC or gas turbine prices will lead to longer pay back time and less internal rate of return, as a result, produced electricity price cannot compete with conventional cycles. 33 In Table 4 results from a study30 (R. Chacartegui, . Sánchez, J.M. Muñoz, T. Sánchez , 2009) are brought to show in which commercial gas turbines ORC combination will give acceptable efficiencies and performance. Here, power ratio is the ratio between bottoming cycle and the whole cycle power and is presented in percentage. It 33 R. Chacartegui, . Sánchez, J.M. Muñoz, T. Sánchez. Alternative ORC bottoming cycles FOR combined cycle power plants. Applied Energy 2009; 86: 2162–2170. 37PDF Image | Exergy
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