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17 ORC fluid mass flow Each pump has its own characteristics and a specific relation between its efficiency and volume/mass flow rates. An example of pump efficiency relation with mass flow rate is shown in equation 8 and 9. ”m” is the fluid mass flow rate (Kg/s) and is related to volume flow rate Q (m3/s) and density (inverse of specific volume at point 1 which denotes density at pump inlet; see equation 9). Efficiency equation of pump which is a second order equation shows that, efficiency peaks at certain mass flow rates (The function has one peak value, see equation 8). As a result, if variation of fluid mass flow in ORC results in better pump efficiency, the overall cycle total efficiency will be improved. Table 12 is an example of this, since in the examined mass flow ranges, the chosen pump has better efficiency in higher mass flow rates (the efficiency function gets higher values with higher mass flow rates), ORC performance is improved with higher mass flow rates. The restriction on highest favorable mass flow rate will be: 1‐ 2‐ Pinch point temperature of evaporator ‐ critical temperature of fluid: Evaporator pressure (which is related to pump mass flow rate and it pressure increase) and accordingly its temperature cannot increase above critical temperature of ORC working fluid. Moreover, it is known that pinch point temperature is heat source and evaporator temperature difference. If evaporator temperature increases a lot, pinch point temperature is decreased. This is in contrary with evaporator design; hence evaporator temperature and pressure cannot increase after certain values. Maximum efficiency of pump: Pump efficiency will decrease with higher mass flow rates after it has reached its maximum value (This is obvious from pump efficiency curves derived from equation 8). Equation 8: ηpump Equation 9: Q = m · specific.volume1 = 0.0714+17.973·Q–0.8862·Q2 Table 12: Variation of ORC thermal efficiency with mass flow 61PDF Image | Exergy
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