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Very low energy Low energy Medium energy Generation of electricity by binary fluid plants Absorption cooling systems Extraction of chemicals Fresh water distillation Recovery of metals Generation of electricity from steam Evaporation of concentrated solutions Paper bulb Negative cold production (ammonia absorption system) High energy glasshouses, swimming pools and spa establishments, aquaculture and dr ying operations. Heat pumps may also be added to optimise the exploitation of the geothermal resource. Very low-energy geothermal resources (at temperatures of below 30 °C) require the use of heat pumps to raise the tem- perature of the heat extracted from the subsurface layers to a level that is compa- tible with the intended use (usually the heating of buildings).The main target uses for this type of geothermal energy are the heating and cooling of single-family dwellings, ter tiar y and collective residential buildings. Main uses of geothermal energy according to temperatures. Mature technologies The main target use for medium and high-energy geothermal energy (at tem- peratures of above 90°C) is electricity generation. The deposits are generally encountered at depths of between 500 and 1,500 m in areas of active or recent volcanism, along the boundaries of tectonic plates. In France, resources are found in insular Overseas Départements (Guade- loupe, Martinique, Réunion and Mayotte). In the case of high-energy deposits, elec- tricity is generated in steam power plants; geothermal steam at over 150 °C emer- ging directly from geothermal boreholes is fed into a turbine connected to an alter- nator. In the case of medium-energy deposits (temperature of between 100°C and 150 °C), binary plants are used, operating in a closed circuit (Organic Rankine Cycle technology) using a volatile organic fluid (isobutene, isopentane, etc.). These plants may also operate as combi- ned heat and power (electricity) plants for heating or cooling applications. This is also the case for EGS (Enhanced Geothermal Systems) geothermal power plants which are intended for reservoirs with low permeability (fault basins and areas on the periphery of high-energy geothermal fields), that have natural fissures located several thousands of metres deep and whose permeability must be increased by hydraulic or chemi- cal stimulation. Low-energy geothermal resources (at temperatures of 30 to 100 °C) directly exploit the heat of resources found in deep, highly porous and permeable sedi- mentary formations, situated at depths of 500to2,500metres. These types of resources are found in France – in the Paris or Aquitaine basins, for example.They are often exploited for urban heating purposes, the heating of Heating using heat pumps – air conditioning Underfloor heating systems Leisure centre – swimming pool Balneotherapy – spa treatments Preheating (water/air) Domestic hot water District heating Fish farming and aquaculture Mushroom farm Floor-heated glasshouse Air-heated glasshouse Preheating (water/air) Drying of agricultural products, wood, fish Preheating (water/air) Freeze protection Canneries Wool-washing and dyeing Drying of industrial products © ADEME - BRGM AGRICULTURE HOUSING, INDUSTRY & FOOD RECREATION & HEALTHPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY District heating
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