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Water management Open system: The characterisation of the in-situ condition of rock mass is essential to plan stimulations, well trajectories and water requirement/management. One of the tests used for assessing an open or closed system is a shut-in test after the stimulation. In an open system the pressure decays rapidly and microseismicity generation slows down rapidly giving an indication of the likely far-field water leak off. Closed system: The requirements and tests are the same as those for the open system but here the pressure decays very slowly (microseismicity generation decays slowly as well) and gives an indication of the likely low far-field water leak off and therefore the constraint of circulation pressure may be necessary to limit further growth of a reservoir. Again, a preferred method and procedure may be useful to compare sites in terms of economic viability and stability of a reservoir. Over-pressured system: Where the fracture network is over-pressured special conditions exist during drilling since permeable fractures at different depths cannot be in connection with a wellbore fluid at the same time when the pressure is controlled by mud weight. No pump is required in a production well under these conditions. It is not yet clear how widespread these conditions are in the Earth‘s crust. Review of numerical methods Flac 3D uDec and 3Dec Geocrack FRIP Feflow Kappa Tough (various) Fracod Others Microseismic measurements Design of network and errors: One of the main reasons for the use of a microseismic system is the need to track fluid pressure during stimulation for the creation of an EGS reservoir. The design has to take into consideration the layout of the sensors to optimise errors in the location of these events. This entails the layout of the sensors with respect to the proposed stimulation volume, the local environmental situation for background noise, transmission of the data to the base station, the local geology where the seismic stations will be positioned, the sensitivity and the bandwidth of the seismic sensors etc. It is also important to get a good handle on the in-situ velocity model (P and S wave) for improving the location of seismic events. Automatic location of data: Automatic location of microseismic events is very helpful during the creation of the reservoir to assess the growth and the direction of the reservoir. There are a number of location algorithms available and each has its advantages and disadvantages. Commercial software is available to do automatic locations and also to help interpret the data. Interpretation of data: This, like any other interpretation, requires knowledge and experience. As mentioned above there is software available to process the microseismic data for Fault Plane Solutions, source parameters, collapsing methods, moment tensors, etc. It is important and a good practice to integrate all the other information such as the hydraulic history, joint network, stress regime, geology and other in-situ parameters to obtain meaningful interpretation of the data. 53PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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