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In terms of direct use, one operation is made each year in the Paris basin, which is encouraging but not sufficient: to reach the objective, it will be compulsory to increase the number of operations made in the Paris basin but also to have projects in a huge variety of aquifers and geological contexts. In terms of ground source heat pumps, the situation is different between individual and collective heat pumps: the market of individual households has decreased in 2009 and 2010, after a huge increase in the 2005-2008 period. It is mainly due to the economic crisis. The market of collective geothermal operations is doing much better, mainly because the project owners invest on a long-term basis and because 10.2.4 Government Expenditure on Geothermal R&D The main part of the national R&D budget on geothermal energy is managed by ADEME (the French Agency for Environment and Energy). A part of the upstream research is also funded by ANR (National Agency for Research. Among the decisions made during the ̳Grenelle de l‘environnement‘, it was stated that BRGM will set up an experimental platform on underground exchangers and heat pumps, so that the design and optimization of systems would be less empirical. This platform is now fully operational. Figure 10.3 Source de Petite Anse hot spring, Martinique, French West Indies. (Photo courtesy of BRGM) It has also been planned to use public funds for exploration in overseas department, in order to develop the knowledge of high enthalpy geothermal resources, but it has not really been implemented for now. Some preliminary exploration is being made thanks to the funding of ADEME and the regional authorities, for instance in Martinique (French West Indies; Figure 10.3) where a study was launched in the middle of 2010 to make a synthesis and an action plan for geothermal development. 99PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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