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create confined or “artesian” geothermal conditions, and the Eagle Valley evaporite through which meteoric waters percolate before recharging the Leadville Limestone. North of town, the sedimentary rocks have been deformed into a domal feature known as the White River Uplift. The Leadville Limestone dips about 10-20 degrees southward off this uplift and may reach depths of several thousand feet not far to the south of the City. The Leadville and formations enclosing it have been transected by steeply dipping and by low angle faults. The high angle faults have offset adjacent formations by several hundred feet, while along the low angle faults, older rocks in the sequence have been thrust over younger rocks making the local geologic picture moderately complex. It is believed that meteoric waters falling on the higher elevations south of the City, percolate through the Eagle Valley evaporites, leach out the soluble elements listed below, and eventually enter the Leadville aquifer. The waters in the Leadville are heated to at least 126oF, (and possibly up to 180oF) at depth. They are also pressurized by their confinement by the Belden Shale so that they migrate up-dip, to the north, towards the Colorado River where the Leadville outcrops and then flow, under artesian (pressurized) conditions, from numerous springs and seeps visible along the banks and below the surface of the Colorado River. The Leadville geothermal aquifer is characterized by high transmissivity, abundant porosity and permeability, and regionally extensive water storage. It contains enough sodium, chloride, sulfate, fluoride, silica, barium, iron, lithium, and boron to give the aquifer a Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) content of 22,200 milligrams per liter (parts per million – ppm). Historically, the thermal waters were used by the Ute and other Native American tribes for bathing, space heating, and medicinal purposes. Soon after Glenwood Springs was populated, the Yampah and other nearby springs were developed, and the Pool was built. Over the years, there have been several attempts made to initiate other geothermal developments. These include the drilling of the Wright and the Redstone wells. POTENTIAL USES OF THE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE The Contractors have identified nine categories of potential uses for the geothermal resource. These are summarily discussed below while Table 3, listing important statistics for each use, appears as Appendix C. Electric power generation should only be considered at Glenwood Springs if a highly productive resource can be found at a temperature of ~180oF or higher. Such a discovery will mean drilling a new well to at least 4,000 feet in the southern part of the City and the drilling of an injection well not too far from the production well. The total estimated capital cost of a modest electric power scheme is about $3,000,000. The amount of power available would depend on the attainable flow rate, but generating unit(s) of nominal 280 kW ratings would almost surely be used. A project like this could be completed in 18 months or less after all permits, financing, and agreements are in place. Return on Investment (ROI), with assumptions as listed in the report text, are <1%. 2PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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