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Fracture Networks The general term “fractures” is used herein to include all types of discontinuities: bedding planes, joints, and faults of all styles, lengths, widths, and shape. Within a geothermal context, these features comprise a “plumbing system” that includes: • The conduits along which cool meteoric waters can descend to depths where they are heated, • Avenues within the geothermal reservoir through which thermal waters can convect and/or move towards low pressure areas, and • Leakage zones through which reservoir fluids can reach the surface as warm to hot springs or seeps. The geothermal system in the Glenwood Springs area has an excellent “plumbing system” as evidenced by the almost instantaneous transmittal of pressure changes to the Wright well, the Yampah Springs, Hobo and Graves springs and several seeps to the west of the Hobo Springs during tests of the Redstone well in the 1980s. This bodes well for the production of significant quantities of thermal waters from wells drilled into the Leadville Limestone, but it also portends almost certain effects on the thermal water flows now being used by the Pool. There are non- consumptive technologies that may allow use of the heat contained in the Leadville thermal waters and these will be discussed in several of the following report sections. Natural Recharge The average annual precipitation in Glenwood Springs is ~18 inches. In the highlands surrounding town, particularly to the south and southwest, the rates are greater and include significant quantities of winter snow in addition to the summer rains. The recharge basin for Glenwood Springs (just between the Roaring Fork and Crystal Rivers) exceeds 350 square miles. Accordingly, there is more than enough natural recharge available to replace thermal waters within or to be withdrawn from the Leadville Limestone. Impermeable Caps There are no true impermeable caps over the geothermal reservoir in the Glenwood Springs area. Instead, there are two semi-permeable overlying caps. One is the Belden formation whose predominantly shale composition is transected by enough fractures to allow waters to percolate downward into the Leadville and the other is the travertine layer that has been deposited across areas that are not contiguous and which therefore comprise a “leaky” cap. The Nature of the Leadville Geothermal Aquifer The geothermal aquifer within the Leadville Limestone is recharged primarily by meteoric waters falling on the highlands to the south and southwest of Glenwood Springs and, to a lesser degree, by precipitation to the north and southeast of the City. The recharge waters percolate through variably thick sequences of evaporites, in the process leaching out sulfates and salts and carrying them into the Leadville aquifer. 19PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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